Abstract
Hydrometallurgical gold recovery from primary or secondary sources is mainly based on a cyanide process, which is very dangerous for the environment due to the high toxicity levels. In view of the environmental effect, the present study proposes a new green solvent called 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (EmimHSO4) ionic liquid (IL) to recover gold from copper anode slime (CAS). The optimum leaching conditions for maximizing gold recovery were determined by orthogonal array (OA) of Taguchi’s experimental design method. OA L16 (44) including four parameters with four levels each, was used to examine the effects of IL concentration (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% v/v), temperature (25, 50, 75, 95 °C), time (½, 1, 2, 4 h) and solid/liquid ratio (1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25 g/mL) on leaching efficiency of the gold recovery. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the relevance between experimental conditions and gold recovery. The selective leaching tests results showed that gold recovery up to 89.07% was attained on laboratory scale under the optimum leach conditions: 80% IL concentration, 75 °C, 4 h and 1/25 g/mL solid/liquid ratio. According to these results, EmimHSO4 IL provides a very good ambiance for the oxidative leaching of gold and can be offered as an alternative leaching agent instead of harmful cyanide-based solvents.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Kıyak, A. Özer, H. S. Altundoğan, M. Erdem and F. Tümen, Waste Manage., 19(5), 333 (1999).
A. Agrawal, K.K. Sahu and B.D. Pandey, Resour. Conserv. Rec., 42(2), 99 (2004).
Y. Kılıç, G. Kartal and S. Timur, Int. J. Miner. Process, 124, 75 (2013).
W. Liu, T. Yang, D. Zhang, L. Chen and Y. Liu, Int. J. Miner. Process, 128, 48 (2014).
B. Dönmez, C. Çelik, S. Çolak and A. Yartaşi, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37, 3382 (1998).
A. Khaleghi, S. Ghader and D. Afzali, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 24, 251 (2014).
J. Hait, R. K. Jana, V. Kumar, P. Dasgupta, M. Bandyopadhyay and S. K. Sanyal, Int. J. Environ. Waste Manage., 216 (1998).
W.A. Dutton, A. J.V. Steen and N. J. Themelis, Metall. Trans., 2, 3091 (1971).
A. M. Amer, Waste Manage., 23, 763 (2003).
A. Chen, Z. Peng, J.Y. Hwang, Y. Ma, X. Liu and X. Chen, JOM, 67(2), 493 (2015).
S. Syed, Hydrometallurgy, 115, 30 (2012).
W.K. Wang, Y.C. Hoh, W. S. Chuang and I. S. Shaw, US Patent, 4,293,332 (1981).
M. H. Dehghanpoor, M. Zivdar and M. Torabi, J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 116(2), 1153 (2016).
R. Ranjbar, M. Naderi, H. Omidvar and G. Amoabediny, Hydrometallurgy, 143, 54 (2014).
Ö. Yavuz and R. Ziyadanoğulları, Sep. Sci. Technol., 35(1), 133 (2000).
K. S. Nam, B. H. Jung, J.W. An, T. J. Ha, T. Tran and M. J. Kim, Int. J. Miner. Process., 86(1), 131 (2008).
B. Dönmez, Z. Ekinci, C. Çelik and S. Çolak, Hydrometallurgy, 52(1), 81 (1999).
B. Dönmez, F. Sevim and S. Çolak, Chem. Eng. Technol., 24(1), 91 (2001).
A.G. Kholmogrov, O. N. Kononova, G. L. Pashkov and Y. S. Kononov, Hydrometallurgy, 64, 43 (2002).
A. J. Monhemius and S.P. Ball, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., Sect. C, 104, 117 (1995).
B. Xu, Y. Yang, Q. Li, W. Yin, T. Jiang and G. Li, Hydrometallurgy, 164, 278 (2016).
X. Meng and K.N. Han, in Hydrometallurgy Fundamentals, Ed. J. B. Hiskey and G.W. Warren, Colorado (1993).
G. Tian, J. Li and Y. Hua, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 20(3), 513 (2010).
J. Park, Y. Jung, P. Kusumah, J. Lee, K. Kwon and C. K. Lee, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15(9), 15320 (2014).
N.V. Plechkova and K.R. Seddon, Chem. Soc. Rev., 37(1), 123 (2008).
K.M. Docherty, J.K. Dixon and C. F. Kulpa, Biodegradation, 18, 481 (2007).
A. Jordan and N. Gathergood, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44(22), 8200 (2015).
A. Romero, A. Santos, J. Tojo and A. Rodriguez, J. Hazard. Mater., 151(1), 313 (2008).
J.A. Whitehead, G.A. Lawrance and A. McCluskey, Green Chem., 6, 313 (2004a).
K. Huang, W.U. Rui, C. A.O. Yan, L. Huiquan and W. Jinshu, Chin. J. Chem. Eng., 21(5), 577 (2013).
J.A. Whitehead, J. Zhang, N. Pereira, A. McCluskey and G.A. Lawrance, Hydrometallurgy, 88(1–4), 109 (2007).
T. Dong, Y. Hua, Q. Zhang and D. Zhou, Hydrometallurgy, 99(1–2), 33 (2009).
J.A. Whitehead, J. Zhang, A. McCluskey and G. A. Lawrance, Hydrometallurgy, 98(3–4), 276 (2009).
G.R. Jenkin, A. Z. Al-Bassam, R. C. Harris, A. P. Abbott, D. J. Smith, D. A. Holwell and C. J. Stanley, Miner. Eng., 87, 18 (2016).
W.H. Wang and Y.S. Tarng, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 84, 122 (1998).
J.A. Ghana, I. A. Choudhury and H. H. Hassan, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 145, 84 (2004).
M. Yeşilyurt, Chem. Eng. Process., 43, 1189 (2004).
Z. Guo, F. Pan, X. Xiao, L. Zhang and K. Jiang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 20, 2000 (2010).
V.A. Beşe, N.O. Ata, C. Çelik and S. Çolak, Chem. Eng. Process., 42, 29 (2003).
M. S. Safarzadeh, D. Moradkhani, M.O. Ilkhchi and N. M. Golshan, Sep. Purif. Technol., 58, 367 (2008).
S. Shariati and M. Golshekan, J. Anal. Chem., 69(3), 248 (2014).
O.N. Ata, S. Çolak, Z. Ekinci and M. Çopur, Chem. Eng. Technol., 24(4), 409 (2001).
P. Ashtari and P. Pourghahramani, J. Inst. Eng. (India): Series D., 96(2), 179 (2015).
B. Behnajady, A. Babaeidehkordi and J. Moghaddam, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 45(2), 562 (2014).
H. Huang, G. Cheng, L. Chen, X. Zhu and H. Xu, Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 203(1–4), 53 (2009).
N.M. S. Kaminari, D.R. Schultz, M. J. J.S. Ponte, H.A. Ponte, C. E. B. Marino and A. C. Neto, Chem. Eng. J., 126(2), 139 (2007).
T.T. Chen and J. E. Dutrizac, Can. Metall. Q., 28(2), 127 (1989).
G. Taguchi, System of Experimental Design, Quality Resources, New York, Vol. 1 (1987).
S.R. Rao, Resource Recovery and Recycling from Metallurgical Wastes, 1st Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherland (2006).
S.M. Kim, K. S. Park, K. K. Do, S.D. Park and H.T. Kim, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15(6), 894 (2009).
K.K. Do, D. N. Han and H.T. Kim, Chem. Eng. J., 104(1), 55 (2004).
R. Torkaman, M. Soltanieh and H. Kazemian, Chem. Eng. Technol., 33(6), 902 (2010).
M. Edrissi, M. Soleymani and M. Adinehnia, Chem. Eng. Technol., 34(11), 1813 (2011).
G. Tong, Precious Met., 3, 4 (2001).
Y. Shouming, Z. Yongwei and Z. Shenyou, Gold, 4, 18 (2003).
A. Kılıçarslan, M.N. Sarıdede, S. Stopic and B. Fredrich, Int. J. Miner., Metall. Mater., 21(2), 138, (2014).
J. Huang, M. Chen, H. Chen, S. Chen and Q. Sun, Waste Manage., 34(2), 483 (2014).
C.Y. Nian, W. H. Yang and Y. S. Tarng, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 95(1), 90 (1999).
N.R. Sahraie, J.P. Paraknowitsch, C. Göbel, A. Thomas and P. Strasser, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136(41), 14486 (2014).
J.A. Whitehead, G.A. Lawrance, M.P. Owen and A. McCluskey, Molten Salts XIV: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Ed. A. Mantz) p. 901–910, October 3-8, Honolulu, Hawaii (2004).
T. Oyama, T. Okajima and T. Ohsaka, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154(6), 322 (2007).
L. Chen, M. Sharifzadeh, N. M. Dowell, T. Welton, N. Shah and J. P. Hallett, Green Chem., 16, 3098 (2014).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rüşen, A., Topçu, M.A. Optimization of gold recovery from copper anode slime by acidic ionic liquid. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 34, 2958–2965 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0200-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0200-4