Abstract
The aim of our study was to examine the contribution of surface waves from WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) to the variation in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Arctic Ocean. The simulated significant wave height (SWH) were validated against the products from Haiyang-2B (HY-2B) in 2021, obtaining a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.45 with a correlation of 0.96 and scatter index of 0.18. The wave-induced effects, i.e., wave breaking and mixing induced by nonbearing waves resulting in changes in radiation stress and Stokes drift, were calculated from WW3, ERA-5 wind, SST, and salinity data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and were taken as forcing fields in the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model. The results showed that an RMSE of 0.81 °C with wave-induced effects was less than the RMSE of 1.11 °C achieved without the wave term compared with the simulated SST with the measurements from Argos. Considering the four wave effects and sea ice freezing, the SST in the Arctic Ocean decreased by up to 1 °C in winter. Regression analysis revealed that the SWH was linear in SST (values without subtraction of waves) in summer and autumn, but this behavior was not observed in spring or winter due to the presence of sea ice. The interannual variation also presented a negative relationship between the difference in SST and SWH.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42076238 and 42376174), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 23ZR1426900). We thank the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for the provision of the WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) model. The original code of the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model (sbPOM) was accessed at http://www.ccpo.odu.edu. The wind field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was downloaded via http://www.ecmwf.int. The General Bathymetry Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) water depth was collected via ftp.edcftp.cr.usgs.gov. Sea surface current and sea level data from HYCOM were collected via https://www.hycom.org. The monthly average temperature, salinity, sea ice concentration, and thickness were from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) and were accessed via https://marine.copernicus.eu.
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Wei, M., Shao, W., Shen, W. et al. Contribution of Surface Waves to Sea Surface Temperatures in the Arctic Ocean. J. Ocean Univ. China (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-024-5797-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-024-5797-4