Abstract
Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) show low reactivity with perchlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride (CT), in conventional Fenton reactions, therefore, the generation of reductive radicals has attracted increasing attention. This study investigated the enhancement of CT degradation by the synergistic effects of hydroxylamine (HA) and formic acid (FA) (initial [CT] = 0.13 mmol/L) in a Fe (II) activated calcium peroxide (CP) Fenton process. CT degradation increased from 56.6% to 99.9% with the addition of 0.78 mmol/L HA to the CP/Fe(II)/FA/CT process in a molar ratio of 12/6/12/1. The results also showed that the presence of HA enhanced the regeneration of Fe(II) from Fe(III), and the production of HO• increased one-fold when employing benzoic acid as the HO• probe. Additionally, FA slightly improves the production of HO•. A study of the mechanism confirmed that the carbon dioxide radical (CO2•−), a strong reductant generated by the reaction between FA and HO•, was the dominant radical responsible for CT degradation. Almost complete CT dechlorination was achieved in the process. The presence of humic acid and chloride ion slightly decreased CT removal, while high doses of bicarbonate and high pH inhibited CT degradation. This study helps us to better understand the synergistic roles of FA and HA for HO• and CO2•− generation and the removal of perchlorinated hydrocarbons in modified Fenton systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amina, Si X, Wu K, Si Y, Yousaf B (2018). Synergistic effects and mechanisms of hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative degradation of sulfamethoxazole by Fe(II)-EDTA catalyzed calcium peroxide: Implications for remediation of antibiotic-contaminated water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 353: 80–91
Baba Y, Yatagai T, Harada T, Kawase Y (2015). Hydroxyl radical generation in the photo-Fenton process: Effects of carboxylic acids on iron redox cycling. Chemical Engineering Journal, 277: 229–241
Bogan B W, Trbovic V, Paterek J R (2003). Inclusion of vegetable oils in Fenton’s chemistry for remediation of PAH-contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 50(1): 15–21
Buxton G V, Greenstock C L, Helman W P, Ross A B (1988). Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O−) in aqueous solution. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 17(2): 513–886
Chen L, Ma J, Li X, Zhang J, Fang J, Guan Y, Xie P (2011). Strong enhancement on fenton oxidation by addition of hydroxylamine to accelerate the ferric and ferrous iron cycles. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(9): 3925–3930
Deng J, Shao Y, Gao N, Xia S, Tan C, Zhou S, Hu X (2013). Degradation of the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine upon different UV-based advanced oxidation processes in water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 222: 150–158
Dominguez C M, Rodriguez V, Montero E, Romero A, Santos A (2019). Methanol-enhanced degradation of carbon tetrachloride by alkaline activation of persulfate: Kinetic model. The Science of the Total Environment, 666: 631–640
Furman O, Laine D F, Blumenfeld A, Teel A L, Shimizu K, Cheng I F, Watts R I (2009). Enhanced reactivity of superoxide in water-solid matrices. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(5): 1528–1533
Goi A, Viisimaa M, Trapido M, Munter R (2011). Polychlorinated biphenyls-containing electrical insulating oil contaminated soil treatment with calcium and magnesium peroxides. Chemosphere, 82(8): 1196–1201
Gonzalez M C, Le Roux G C, Rosso J A, Braun A M (2007). Mineralization of CCl4 by the UVC-photolysis of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of methanol. Chemosphere, 69(8): 1238–1244
Gu X, Lu S, Fu X, Qiu Z, Sui Q, Guo X (2017). Carbon dioxide radical anion- based UV/S2O8 2/HCOOH reductive process for carbon tetrachloride degradation in aqueous solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 172: 211–216
Haag W R, Yao C D (1992). Rate constants for reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology, 26(5): 1005–1013
Hao X, Wang G, Chen S, Yu H, Quan X (2019). Enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate by CNT-TiO2 under UV-light assistance for efficient degradation of organic pollutants. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 13(5): 77
Huang B, Lei C, Wei C, Zeng G (2014). Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) in environment: Sources, potential human health impacts, and current remediation technologies. Environment International, 71: 118–138
Izato Y I, Koshi M, Miyake A (2017). Initial decomposition pathways of aqueous hydroxylamine solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 121(17): 4502–4511
Jiang W, Tang P, Lu S, Xue Y, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2018a). Comparative studies of H2O2/Fe(II)/formic acid, sodium percarbonate/Fe(II)/formic acid and calcium peroxide/Fe(II)/formic acid processes for degradation performance of carbon tetrachloride. Chemical Engineering Journal, 344: 453–461
Jiang W, Tang P, Lu S, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2018b). Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by carbon dioxide radical anion-based sodium percarbonate/Fe(II)/formic acid system in aqueous solution. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(2): 6
Jiang W, Tang P, Lyu S, Brusseau M L, Xue Y, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2019). Enhanced redox degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by the Fe(II)-catalyzed calcium peroxide system in the presence of formic acid and citric acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 368: 506–513
Liu G, Li X, Han B, Chen L, Zhu L, Campos L C (2017). Efficient degradation of sulfamethoxazole by the Fe(II)/HSO5 − process enhanced by hydroxylamine: Efficiency and mechanism. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 322(Pt B): 461–468
Lin C J, Lo S L, Liou Y H (2005). Degradation of aqueous carbon tetrachloride by nanoscale zerovalent copper on a cation resin. Chemosphere, 59(9): 1299–1307
Lu Y, He S, Wang D, Luo S, Liu A, Luo H, Liu G, Zhang R (2018). A pulsed switching peroxi-coagulation process to control hydroxyl radical production and to enhance 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(5): 9
Macdonald T L, Anders M W (1983). Chemical mechanisms of halocarbon metabolism. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 11(2): 85–120
Miao Z, Gu X, Lu S, Brusseau M L, Yan N, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2015). Enhancement effects of reducing agents on the degradation of tetrachloroethene in the Fe(II)/Fe(III) catalyzed percarbonate system. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 300: 530–537
Northup A, Cassidy D (2008). Calcium peroxide (CaO2) for use in modified Fenton chemistry. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(3): 1164–1170
Reynolds G W, Hoff J T, Gillham R W (1990). Sampling bias caused by materials used to monitor halocarbons in groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 24(1): 135–142
Rosso J A, Bertolotti S G, Braun A M, Mártire D O, Gonzalez M C (2001). Reactions of carbon dioxide radical anion with substituted benzenes. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 14(5): 300–309
Simic M, Hayon E (1971). Intermediated produced from the one-electron oxidation and reduction of hydroxylamines. Acid-base properties of the amino, hydroxyamino, and methoxyamino radicals. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 93(23): 5982–5986
Smith B A, Teel A L, Watts R J (2004). Identification of the reactive oxygen species responsible for carbon tetrachloride degradation in modified Fenton’s systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(20): 5465–5469
Tamura H, Goto K, Yotsuyanagi T, Nagayama M (1974). Spectro-photometric determination of iron(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline in the presence of large amounts of iron(III). Talanta, 21(4): 314–318
Teel A L, Watts R J (2002). Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by modified Fenton’s reagent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 94(2): 179–189
Trojanowicz M, Bojanowska-Czajka A, Bartosiewicz I, Kulisa K (2018). Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes treatment for aqueous perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)-A review of recent advances. Chemical Engineering Journal, 336: 170–199
Wang H, Zhao Y, Su Y, Li T, Yao M, Qin C (2017). Fenton-like degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol using calcium peroxide particles: Performance and mechanisms. RSC Advances, 7(8): 4563–4571
Wang Q, Lemley A T (2004). Kinetic effect of humic acid on alachlor degradation by anodic Fenton treatment. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33(6): 2343–2352
Wang Y, Zhang P (2011). Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by TiO2 in the presence of oxalic acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 192(3): 1869–1875
Watts R J, Teel A L (2019). Hydroxyl radical and non-hydroxyl radical pathways for trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene degradation in catalyzed H2O2 propagation systems. Water Research, 159: 46–54
Wu C, Linden K G (2010). Phototransformation of selected organophosphorus pesticides: roles of hydroxyl and carbonate radicals. Water Research, 44(12): 3585–3594
Xu M, Gu X, Lu S, Miao Z, Zang X, Wu X, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2016). Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in thermally activated persulfate system in the presence of formic acid. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(3): 438–446
Xue Y, Sui Q, Brusseau M L, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Lyu S (2018). Insight on the generation of reactive oxygen species in the CaO2/Fe(II) Fenton system and the hydroxyl radical advancing strategy. Chemical Engineering Journal, 353: 657–665
Zhang X, Gu X, Lu S, Miao Z, Xu M, Fu X, Danish M, Brusseau M L, Qiu Z, Sui Q (2016). Enhanced degradation of trichloroethene by calcium peroxide activated with Fe(III) in the presence of citric acid. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(3): 502–512
Zhou X, Mopper K (1990). Determination of photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in seawater and freshwater. Marine Chemistry, 30: 71–88
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by a grant from the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC1802500) and Chinese Scholar Council (CSC, No. 201806740035). The authors also acknowledge the support from Prof. Dionysios. D. Dionysiou at the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE) at the University of Cincinnati.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Highlights
• Complete CT degradation was achieved by employing HA to CP/Fe(II)/FA process.
• Quantitative detection of Fe(II) regeneration and HO• production was investigated.
• Benzoic acid outcompeted FA for the reaction with HO•.
• CO2•− was the dominant reductive radical for CT removal.
• Effects of solution matrix on CT removal were conducted.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, W., Tang, P., Liu, Z. et al. Enhanced carbon tetrachloride degradation by hydroxylamine in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide in the presence of formic acid. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 14, 18 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1197-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1197-1