Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Recruitment of sexual minority and heterosexual colorectal cancer survivors through US cancer registries

  • Published:
Journal of Cancer Survivorship Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Describe the process, outcomes, and costs of cancer registry recruitment and enrollment of sexual minority and heterosexual non-metastatic colorectal cancer survivors into an observational survivorship study.

Methods

We recruited stage I–III colorectal cancer survivors from four US cancer registries. Potential participants were screened for eligibility, and all eligible sexual minority and every 10th heterosexual survivor was invited to participate in a 45-min telephone interview.

Results

We mailed study packets to 17,855 individuals and obtained 6370 screening surveys of presumed eligible individuals. After screening, there were 182 eligible sexual minority and 5568 eligible heterosexual survivors. Of the 719 invited survivors, 127 sexual minority and 353 heterosexual individuals participated in the interview. There were some small differences in personal and neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics for the survivors who screened eligible and completed the interview relative to the registry sample. The per-participant direct costs were about $40, $120, and $1425 in the registry, screened eligible, and interviewed samples, respectively.

Conclusions

Although we did not observe substantial selection biases, the costs of enrolling a representative sample were high.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Inclusion of sexual orientation and gender identity as standard demographic questions in cancer registries is needed for reliable and cost-efficient monitoring of population health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2022. www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2022/2022-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf. Accessed August 19, 2022.

  2. Hewitt M, Greenfield S, Stovall E, editors. From cancer patient to cancer survivor: lost in transition. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Salz T, Oeffinger KC, McCabe MS, Layne TM, Bach PB. Survivorship care plans in research and practice. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(2):101–17. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20142:10.3322/caac.20142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Denlinger CS, Barsevick AM. The challenges of colorectal cancer survivorship. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009;7(8):883–93. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2009.0058:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0058.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Valdivieso M, Kujawa AM, Jones T, Baker LH. Cancer survivors in the United States: a review of the literature and a call to action. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(2):163–73. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.3827:10.7150/ijms.3827.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Boyes AW, Girgis A, D’Este C, Zucca AC. Prevalence and correlates of cancer survivors’ supportive care needs 6 months after diagnosis: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:150. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-150:10.1186/1471-2407-12-150.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Understanding the well-being of LGBTQI+ populations. Patterson CJ, Sepúlveda M-J, White J, Editors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2020.

  8. Pérez-Stable E. Sexual and gender minorities formally designated as a health disparity population for research purposes 2016 [updated June 27, 2022]. Available from: https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/directors-corner/messages/message_10-06-16.html. Accessed August 18, 2022.

  9. Conron K, Goldberg, SK Adult LGBT population in the United States, July 2020. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Adult-US-Pop-Jul-2020.pdf. Accessed August 19, 2022.

  10. Jones J. LGBT identification in U.S. ticks up to 7.1%, 2022. https://news.gallup.com/poll/389792/lgbt-identification-ticks-up.aspx. Accessed August 18, 2022.

  11. National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences. Statistics and graphs, 2022. https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/statistics#stats. Accessed September 16, 2022.

  12. Gordon JR, Baik SH, Schwartz KTG, Wells KJ. Comparing the mental health of sexual minority and heterosexual cancer survivors: a systematic review. LGBT Health. 2019;6(6):271–88. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0204:10.1089/lgbt.2018.0204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kent EE, Wheldon CW, Smith AW, Srinivasan S, Geiger AM. Care delivery, patient experiences, and health outcomes among sexual and gender minority patients with cancer and survivors: a scoping review. Cancer. 2019;125(24):4371–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32388:10.1002/cncr.32388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pratt-Chapman ML, Alpert AB, Castillo DA. Health outcomes of sexual and gender minorities after cancer: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01707-4:10.1186/s13643-021-01707-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Boehmer U, Gereige J, Winter M, Ozonoff A. Cancer survivors’ access to care and quality of life: do sexual minorities fare worse than heterosexuals? Cancer. 2019;125(17):3079–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32151:10.1002/cncr.32151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Boehmer U, Miao X, Ozonoff A. Cancer survivorship and sexual orientation. Cancer. 2011;117(16):3796–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25950:10.1002/cncr.25950.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Boehmer U, Miao X, Ozonoff A. Health behaviors of cancer survivors of different sexual orientations. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23(9):1489–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-0023-x:10.1007/s10552-012-0023-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Boehmer U, Ozonoff A, Miao X. An ecological analysis of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: differences by sexual orientation. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:400. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-11-400:10.1186/1471-2407-11-400.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Kamen C, Mustian KM, Dozier A, Bowen DJ, Li Y. Disparities in psychological distress impacting lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender cancer survivors. Psychooncology. 2015;24(11):1384–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3746:10.1002/pon.3746.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kamen C, Palesh O, Gerry AA, Andrykowski MA, Heckler C, Mohile S, et al. Disparities in health risk behavior and psychological distress among gay versus heterosexual male cancer survivors. LGBT Health. 2014;1(2):86–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0022:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Quinn GP, Schabath MB, Sanchez JA, Sutton SK, Green BL. The importance of disclosure: lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, queer/questioning, and intersex individuals and the cancer continuum. Cancer. 2015;121(8):1160–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29203:10.1002/cncr.29203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Beskow LM, Sandler RS, Weinberger M. Research recruitment through us central cancer registries: balancing privacy and scientific issues. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(11):1920–6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061556:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061556.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Pakilit AT, Kahn BA, Petersen L, Abraham LS, Greendale GA, Ganz PA. Making effective use of tumor registries for cancer survivorship research. Cancer. 2001;92(5):1305–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20010901)92:5%3c1305::aid-cncr1452%3e3.0.co;2-m:10.1002/1097-0142(20010901)92:5%3c1305::aid-cncr1452%3e3.0.co;2-m.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tucker TC, Durbin EB, McDowell JK, Huang B. Unlocking the potential of population-based cancer registries. Cancer. 2019;125(21):3729–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32355:10.1002/cncr.32355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bowen DJ, Boehmer U. The lack of cancer surveillance data on sexual minorities and strategies for change. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18(4):343–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-007-0115-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gomez SL, Duffy C, Griggs JJ, John EM. Surveillance of cancer among sexual and gender minority populations: where are we and where do we need to go? Cancer. 2019;125(24):4360–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32384:10.1002/cncr.32384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cahill S, Singal R, Grasso C, King D, Mayer K, Baker K, et al. Do ask do tell: high levels of acceptability by patients of routine collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data in four diverse American community health centers. PloS One. 2014;9(9):e107104. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107104:10.1371/journal.pone.0107104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Bjarnadottir RI, Bockting W, Dowding DW. Patient perspectives on answering questions about sexual orientation and gender identity: an integrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(13–14):1814–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13612:10.1111/jocn.13612.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Rullo JE, Foxen JL, Griffin JM, Geske JR, Gonzalez CA, Faubion SS, et al. Patient acceptance of sexual orientation and gender identity questions on intake forms in outpatient clinics: a pragmatic randomized multisite trial. Health Serv Res. 2018;53(5):3790–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12843:10.1111/1475-6773.12843.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Rosser BRS, Polter EJ, Chandiramani N, Cahill S, Wheldon CW, Konety BR, et al. Acceptability and feasibility of collecting sexual orientation and expanded gender identity data in urology and oncology clinics. LGBT Health. 2021;8(6):420–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0256:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0256.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Alexander K, Walters CB, Banerjee SC. Oncology patients’ preferences regarding sexual orientation and gender identity (sogi) disclosure and room sharing. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(5):1041–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.12.006:10.1016/j.pec.2019.12.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Carpentier MY, Tiro JA, Savas LS, Bartholomew LK, Melhado TV, Coan SP, et al. Are cancer registries a viable tool for cancer survivor outreach? A feasibility study. J Cancer Surviv. 2013;7(1):155–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-012-0259-1:10.1007/s11764-012-0259-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mangold KN, Gallicchio L, Gaysynsky A, Kent EE, Constantine K, Hesse BW. Feasibility of collecting patient-generated health data to enhance cancer registry surveillance. J Cancer Surviv. 2021;15(5):785–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-020-00970-z:10.1007/s11764-020-00970-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Paul C, Courtney R, Sanson-Fisher R, Carey M, Hill D, Simmons J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a pre-recruitment primer letter to increase participation in a study of colorectal screening and surveillance. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-44:10.1186/1471-2288-14-44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Hall AE, Sanson-Fisher RW, Lynagh MC, Threlfall T, D’Este CA. Format and readability of an enhanced invitation letter did not affect participation rates in a cancer registry-based study: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(1):85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.07.016:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.07.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Katapodi MC, Duquette D, Yang JJ, Mendelsohn-Victor K, Anderson B, Nikolaidis C, et al. Recruiting families at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer from a statewide cancer registry: a methodological study. Cancer Causes Control. 2017;28(3):191–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0858-2:DOI:10.1007/s10552-017-0858-2.

  37. Brick JMWD. Explaining rising nonresponse rates in cross-sectional surveys. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 2013;645(1):36–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212456834:10.1177/0002716212456834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Galea S, Tracy M. Participation rates in epidemiologic studies. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(9):643–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.03.013:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.03.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Morton LM, Cahill J, Hartge P. Reporting participation in epidemiologic studies: a survey of practice. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(3):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj036:10.1093/aje/kwj036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Stedman R, Connelly NA, Heberlein TA, Decker DJ, Allred SB. The end of the (research) world as we know it? Understanding and coping with declining response rates to mail surveys. Soc Nat Resour. 2019;32(10):1139–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2019.1587127:10.1080/08941920.2019.1587127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Dutwin D, Lavrakas P. Trends in telephone outcomes, 2008–2015. Surv Pract. 2016;9(3):1–9. https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2016-0017:10.29115/SP-2016-0017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lunn MR, Capriotti MR, Flentje A, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pletcher MJ, Triano AJ, et al. Using mobile technology to engage sexual and gender minorities in clinical research. PloS One. 2019;14(5):e0216282. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216282:10.1371/journal.pone.0216282.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Boehmer U, Clark M, Glickman M, Timm A, Sullivan M, Bradford J, et al. Using cancer registry data for recruitment of sexual minority women: successes and limitations. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(7):1289–97. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1744:10.1089/jwh.2009.1744.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Boehmer U, Clark MA, Timm A, Glickman M, Sullivan M. Comparing sexual minority cancer survivors recruited through a cancer registry to convenience methods of recruitment. Womens Health Issues. 2011;21(5):345–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2011.03.003:10.1016/j.whi.2011.03.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Feldman JM, Waterman PD, Coull BA, Krieger N. Spatial social polarisation: using the index of concentration at the extremes jointly for income and race/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69(12):1199–207. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205728:10.1136/jech-2015-205728.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Krieger N, Waterman PD, Spasojevic J, Li W, Maduro G, Van Wye G. Public health monitoring of privilege and deprivation with the index of concentration at the extremes. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(2):256–63. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Bureau of Labor Statistics. National occupational employment and wage estimates, May 2015. [updated July 19, 2022]. https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm. Accessed August 1, 2022.

  48. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employer costs for employee compensation historical listing, national compensation survey. 2021 [updated September 2021]. https://www.bls.gov/web/ecec/ececqrtn.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2022.

  49. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hilsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vacha-Haase T, Thompson B. How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. J Counsel Psychol. 2004;51(4):473–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.473:10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Amrhein V, Greenland S, McShane B. Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature. 2019;567(7748):305–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9:10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wasserstein RL, Schirm AL, Lazar NA. Moving to a world beyond “p < 0.05.” Am Stat. 2019;73(sup1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913:10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Gold MRSJ, Russell LB, Weinstein MC. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  54. Millar MM, Elena JW, Gallicchio L, Edwards SL, Carter ME, Herget KA, et al. The feasibility of web surveys for obtaining patient-reported outcomes from cancer survivors: a randomized experiment comparing survey modes and brochure enclosures. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19(1):208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0859-9:10.1186/s12874-019-0859-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Ford ME, Sterba KR, Bearden JD 3rd, Gansauer L, Moore LA, Zapka J. Recruiting colorectal cancer survivors to a surveillance study: barriers and successful strategies. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(3):526–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.10.006:10.1016/j.pec.2016.10.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Brajcich BC, Palis BE, McCabe R, Nogueira L, Boffa DJ, Lum SS, et al. Twenty-five years of cancer follow-up; is the data worth the effort? Ann Surg Oncol. 2022;29(2):828–36. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-021-10668-w:10.1245/s10434-021-10668-w.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ilich AI, Danilak M, Kim CA, Mulder KE, Spratlin JL, Ghosh S, et al. Effects of gender on capecitabine toxicity in colorectal cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2016;22(3):454–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155215587345:10.1177/1078155215587345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kim SE, Paik HY, Yoon H, Lee JE, Kim N, Sung MK. Sex- and gender-specific disparities in colorectal cancer risk. WJG. 2015;21(17):5167–75. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5167:10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5167.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Klein SL, Morgan R. The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00301-y:10.1186/s13293-020-00301-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Millar MM, Kinney AY, Camp NJ, Cannon-Albright LA, Hashibe M, Penson DF, et al. Predictors of response outcomes for research recruitment through a central cancer registry: evidence from 17 recruitment efforts for population-based studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(5):928–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz011:10.1093/aje/kwz011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Kent EE, Arora NK, Rowland JH, Bellizzi KM, Forsythe LP, Hamilton AS, et al. Health information needs and health-related quality of life in a diverse population of long-term cancer survivors. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;89(2):345–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2012.08.014:10.1016/j.pec.2012.08.014.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kamen CS, Pratt-Chapman ML, Meersman SC, Quinn GP, Schabath MB, Maingi S, et al. Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in oncology practice: findings of an ASCO survey. JCO Oncol Pract. 2022;18(8):e1297–305. https://doi.org/10.1200/OP.22.00084:10.1200/OP.22.00084.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Maragh-Bass AC, Torain M, Adler R, Schneider E, Ranjit A, Kodadek LM, et al. Risks, benefits, and importance of collecting sexual orientation and gender identity data in healthcare settings: a multi-method analysis of patient and provider perspectives. LGBT Health. 2017;4(2):141–52. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0107:10.1089/lgbt.2016.0107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Myers KJ, Jaffe T, Kanda DA, Pankratz VS, Tawfik B, Wu E, et al. Reaching the “hard-to-reach” sexual and gender diverse communities for population-based research in cancer prevention and control: methods for online survey data collection and management. Front Oncol. 2022;12:841951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.841951:10.3389/fonc.2022.841951.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the survivors who participated in the study. They would also like to thank the following individuals for their assistance with data collection and management: Flora Berklein, Diane Brown, Susan Fish, James Gurnick, Carla Hillerns, Pei-Pei Lei, Heather Leveille, and Linda Ward.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (1R01CA181392-01A1).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, One Davol Square, Box 1886, Providence, RI, 02912, USA

    Melissa A. Clark

  2. Commonwealth Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA

    Bittie Behl-Chadha

  3. Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Michael Winter

  4. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Al Ozonoff

  5. Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Al Ozonoff

  6. Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Ulrike Boehmer

Authors
  1. Melissa A. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bittie Behl-Chadha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Winter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Al Ozonoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ulrike Boehmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to study conception, design, and implementation. Ulrike Boehmer, as Principal Investigator, conceived of the study. Melissa Clark and Bittie Behl-Chadha led the data collection. Al Ozonoff guided the data analyses. Data preparation and analyses were performed by Michael Winter. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Melissa Clark. All authors commented on drafts of the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melissa A. Clark.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Disclaimer

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOC 219 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Clark, M.A., Behl-Chadha, B., Winter, M. et al. Recruitment of sexual minority and heterosexual colorectal cancer survivors through US cancer registries. J Cancer Surviv 18, 983–995 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-023-01343-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-023-01343-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation