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From Hacienda Domesticity to the Archaeological Sublime: Sentiment and the Origins of Heritage Management in Yucatan, Mexico

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Abstract

Frictions between state-sanctioned heritage policies and the quotidian practices of local stakeholder communities often have deep historical roots. In this essay, I trace the history of conflicts in the management of archaeological sites in the Yucatan peninsula to the emergence of a romantic sensibility toward the leisured enjoyment of ruins in the mid-nineteenth century. This posited a kind of subjectivity that was radically different from the subsistence practices that brought Maya-speaking peasants into contact with archaeological sites. There are important parallels between this discourse on ruins and a philological approach to the Yucatec Maya language which tended to denigrate the vernacular of rural speakers. Interestingly, the tendency of these entwined discourses to delegitimate the speech and customs of rural agriculturalists posited a “proper” relationship to heritage that could be assumed by people from diverse ethnic categories if they adopted an attitude that was consistent with liberal perspectives on labor and identity. The heritage of this simultaneously inclusive and elitist discourse is still evident in contemporary heritage practice and neoliberal multiculturalism.

Résumé

Les frictions entre les politiques patrimoniales sanctionnées par l’État et les pratiques quotidiennes des communautés d’intervenants locaux sont souvent profondément enracinées dans l’histoire. Dans le présent essai, je retrace l’historique des conflits reliés à la gestion des sites archéologiques de la péninsule du Yucatan jusqu’à l’émergence, au milieu du dix-neuvième siècle, d’une sensibilité romantique envers l’appréciation récréative des ruines. Cela laisse émerger une certaine subjectivité radicalement différente des pratiques de subsistance qui ont mis les paysans de langue maya en contact avec divers sites archéologiques. D’importantes parallèles peuvent être tracées entre ce discours sur les ruines et une approche philosophique de la langue yucatèque, qui avait tendance à dénigrer le langage quotidien des autochtones locaux. Il est intéressant de noter que la tendance qu’ont ces discours emmêlés à vouloir délégitimiser la langue et les coutumes des agronomes ruraux présente une relation « adéquate » avec le patrimoine, qui pourrait autrement être perçue par des peuples de divers groupes ethniques si ces derniers adoptaient une attitude alignée sur les perspectives libérales du travail et de l’identité. L’héritage de ce discours à la fois inclusif et élitiste est toujours évident dans les pratiques patrimoniales contemporaines et le multiculturalisme néolibéral.

Resumen

Las fricciones entre las políticas sobre el patrimonio aprobadas por el estado y las prácticas cotidianas de las comunidades interesadas a menudo tienen profundas raíces históricas. En este ensayo, describo la evolución de los conflictos en la gestión de los yacimientos arqueológicos en la península de Yucatán hasta la aparición de una sensibilidad romántica hacia el disfrute lúdico de las ruinas a mediados del siglo XIX. Esto planteó cierta subjetividad que era totalmente distinta a las prácticas de subsistencia que llevaron a los campesinos de habla maya a entrar en contacto con los yacimientos arqueológicos. Existen importantes paralelismos entre este discurso sobre las ruinas y un enfoque filológico del idioma maya yucateco que tendía a denigrar la lengua vernácula de los hablantes rurales. Curiosamente, la tendencia de estos discursos entrelazados a deslegitimar el habla y las costumbres de los agricultores rurales planteó una relación « adecuada » con el patrimonio que podría ser adoptada por personas de diferentes categorías étnicas si adoptaban una actitud consecuente con las perspectivas liberales en cuanto al trabajo y la identidad. El legado de este discurso inclusivo a la vez que elitista aún es evidente en la práctica del patrimonio y el multiculturalismo neoliberal contemporáneos.

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Notes

  1. The crux of the “lost race” theory is outlined in Sierra O’Reilly (1994). This turn in Yucatecan writing is discussed by Chuchiak (see below). The idea of racial continuity between living Indians and ruin builders was famously espoused by John Lloyd Stephens and also seems to have been the consensus among many contemporaneous Yucatecan authors.

  2. For a contemporaneous Yucatecan response to these writings, see Estanislao Carrillo 1846b.

  3. “Antigüedades del País.” Museo Yucateco Tomo I 185–186.

  4. Una Incursión a Uxmal. Registro Yucateco I: 361.

  5. Anonymous, “El Museo de los Padres Camacho.” Registro Yucateco I (1845, p. 373).

  6. John Lloyd Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan I. (New York: Dover, 1843, pp. 151).

  7. Vicente Calero, “Estanislao Carrillo” Registro Yucateco III (1846a, pp. 360–361).

  8. “L.G,” “Una Visita a las Ruinas de Uxmal” Registro Yucateco I (1845, p. 275).

  9. Anonymous, “Ruinas de Vxmal.” Museo Yucateco I (1841, p. 72).

  10. Justo Sierre O’Reilly, “Niagra.” Fenix # 13 (1849, pp. 1–2).

  11. See note 3 above.

  12. Anonymous, Antiguedades del País. Museo Yucateco I. (1841, p. 185).

  13. Recorded by a series of manuscript documents, Archivo General del Estado de Yucatan. Caja 365, Vol 315, Exp 105.

  14. For a description of this incident, see Armstrong-Fumero, Fernando and Julio Hoil Gutierrez (2017).

  15. Thompson to Putnam, 15 August 1901, George Putnam Papers, Peabody Museum Archive.

  16. Diary of Sylvanus G. Morley. Entry 21 July, 1923. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

  17. Archivo General del Estado de Yucatán. Fondo Poder Ejecutivo/Justicia. Caja 1016 (1936–1948).

  18. The original libretto of Cahil Kay is archived as part of a collection of letters and manuscripts written by Antonio Betancourt Perez at the Archivo Histórico de la Secretaria de Educacion Publica in Mexico City. The file is labeled “Obras de Teatro,” and is part of the collection Departamento de Escuelas Rurales, Delegación Yucatan, 1395/256.

  19. AHSEP, Departamento de Escuelas Rurales, Delegación Yucatán, 1395/256. For more on Betancourt’s interpretation of indigenista literature, see Antonio Betancourt Pérez, Memorias de un Luchador Social. (Mérida: Universidad de Yucatan, 1983).

  20. See: http://www.yucatanadventure.com.mx/inlaakeech.htm.

  21. For influential discussions of the neoliberal multiculturalism, or the development of multicultural policies and institutions that complement neoliberal structural reforms, see Hale (2005), Warren and Jackson (2003) and Yashar (2005).

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Armstrong-Fumero, F. From Hacienda Domesticity to the Archaeological Sublime: Sentiment and the Origins of Heritage Management in Yucatan, Mexico. Arch 14, 115–141 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-018-9332-3

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