Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Waste Frying Oils as Substrate for Enzymatic Lipolysis: Optimization of Reaction Conditions in O/W Emulsion

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

Waste frying oils (WFO) can be both environmental pollutants and a source of valuable products. In this work we explore the conversion of WFO into surface-active substances, such as FFA and partial glycerides, through enzymatic hydrolysis in O/W emulsion. Two different WFO and three lipases of different origin were tested. In addition, we optimized the conditions for the production of O/W emulsions to be used as reaction medium as well as several reaction parameters, such as the type of enzyme and its concentration, the pH, and the presence of Ca2+ ions. Gum arabic-stabilized emulsions with an oil fraction of 0.15 proved to be the most adequate owing to their high interfacial area and short-term stability. The physicochemical characterization of both WFO revealed the presence of an increased amount of surface-active matter relative to food-grade vegetable oils. These substances, mainly FFA, can interfere with lipase action and reduce the reaction rate. However, the extent of hydrolysis was only slightly affected by them, and remained fairly similar to that achieved with a control mixture of food-grade vegetable oils. The product distribution depended on the enzyme used. Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase was found to be particularly suitable for the production of partial glycerides (mono- and diacylglycerols), which are in great demand by the food industry. In any case our results demonstrate that WFO are a good substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis, comparable to food-grade vegetable oils, providing an alternative route for the valorization of this waste.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Li Z, Wrenn BA (2004) Effects of ferric hydroxide on the anaerobic biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil in freshwater sediments. Water Res 38:3859–3868

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Canakci M (2007) The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 98:183–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kulkarni MG, Dalai AK (2006) Waste cooking oil–An economical source for biodiesel: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:2901–2913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dorado MP, Arnal JM, Gómez J, Gil A, López FJ (2002) The effect of a waste vegetable oil blend with diesel fuel on engine performance. Trans ASAE 45:519–523

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anneken DJ, Both S, Christoph R, Fieg G, Steinberner U, Westfechtel A (2000) Fatty acids. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim

  6. Kosswig K (2000) Surfactants. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim

  7. Bornscheuer UT (1995) Lipase-catalyzed syntheses of monoacylglycerols. Enzyme Microb Technol 17:578–586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fiametti KG, Rovani S, de Oliveira D et al (2009) Kinetics of solvent-free lipase-catalyzed production of monoacylglycerols from olive oil in aerosol-OT surfactant. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:708–712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Karmee SK (2008) Lipase catalyzed synthesis of ester-based surfactants from biomass derivatives. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefining 2:144–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hari Krishna S, Karanth NG (2002) Lipases and lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions in nonaqueous media. Catal Rev 44:499–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Plou FJ, Barandiarán M, Calvo MV, Ballesteros A, Pastor E (1996) High-yield production of mono- and di-oleylglycerol by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of triolein. Enzyme Microb Technol 18:66–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Valério A, Rovani S, Treichel H, Oliveira D, Oliveira JV (2010) Optimization of mono and diacylglycerols production from enzymatic glycerolysis in solvent-free systems. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 33:805–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ruiz-Méndez MV, Marmesat S, Liotta A, Dobarganes MC (2008) Analysis of used frying fats for biodiesel production. Grasas Aceites 59:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hwang S, Lee S, Ahn I-S, Jung J-K (2009) Highly efficient production of monoglycerides by the continuous removal of fatty acids from lipase-catalyzed oil hydrolysis. Biocatal Biotransform 27:290–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jurado E, García-Román M, Luzón G, Altmajer-Vaz D, Jiménez-Pérez JL (2011) Optimization of lipase performance in detergent formulations for hard surfaces. Ind Eng Chem Res 50:11502–11510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rodríguez-Ruiz J, Belarbi E-H, Sánchez JLG, Alonso DL (1998) Rapid simultaneous lipid extraction and transesterification for fatty acid analyses. Biotechnol Tech 12:689–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kwon DY, Rhee JS (1986) A simple and rapid colorimetric method for determination of free fatty acids for lipase assay. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:89–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jurado E, Camacho F, Luzón G, Fernández-Serrano M, García-Román M (2006) Kinetic model for the enzymatic hydrolysis of tributyrin in O/W emulsions. Chem Eng Sci 61:5010–5020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Knothe G, Steidley KR (2009) A comparison of used cooking oils: a very heterogeneous feedstock for biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 100:5796–5801

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Casal S, Malheiro R, Sendas A et al (2010) Olive oil stability under deep-frying conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 48:2972–2979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Montgomery DC (2008) Design and analysis of experiments, 8th edn. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  22. Robins MM (2000) Emulsions–creaming phenomena. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 5:265–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Christiansen A, Backensfeld T, Weitschies W (2010) Effects of non-ionic surfactants on in vitro triglyceride digestion and their susceptibility to digestion by pancreatic enzymes. Eur J Pharm Sci 41:376–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Yao X, Wang N, Fang Y, Phillips GO, Jiang F, Hu J, Lu J, Xu Q, Tian D (2013) Impact of surfactants on the lipase digestibility of gum arabic-stabilized O/W emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 33:393–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Jurado E, Camacho F, Luzón G, Fernández-Serrano M, García-Román M (2008) Kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides in O/W emulsions. Study of the inital rates and the reaction time course. Biochem Eng J 40:473–484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kierkels JG, Vleugels LF, Geladé ET, Vermeulen DP, Kamphuis J, Wandrey C, Van den Tweel WJ (1994) Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase adsorption and the kinetics of hydrolysis in a dynamic emulsion system. Enzyme Microb Technol 16:513–521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Neves Petersen MT, Fojan P, Petersen SB (2001) How do lipases and esterases work: the electrostatic contribution. J Biotechnol 85:115–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kojima Y, Yokoe M, Mase T (1994) Purification and characterization of an alkaline lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens AK102. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 58:1564–1568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kuiken BA, Behnke WD (1994) The activation of porcine pancreatic lipase by cis-unsaturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Lipids Lipid Metab 1214:148–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Albasi C, Bertrand N, Riba J-P (1999) Enzymatic hydrolysis of sunflower oil in a standardized agitated tank reactor. Bioprocess Eng 20:77–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hu M, Li Y, Decker EA, McClements DJ (2010) Role of calcium and calcium-binding agents on the lipase digestibility of emulsified lipids using an in vitro digestion model. Food Hydrocoll 24:719–725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kanicky JR, Shah DO (2002) Effect of degree, type, and position of unsaturation on the pKa of long-chain fatty acids. J Colloid Interface Sci 256:201–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Skagerlind P, Jansson M, Bergenståhl B, Hult K (1995) Binding of Rhizomucor miehei lipase to emulsion interfaces and its interference with surfactants. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 4:129–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fernandez-Lafuente R (2010) Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: uses and prospects as an industrial biocatalyst. J Mol Catal B Enzym 62:197–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Schmid RD, Verger R (1998) Lipases: interfacial enzymes with attractive applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 37:1608–1633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Feltes MMC, de Oliveira D, Block JM, Ninow JL (2013) The production, benefits, and applications of monoacylglycerols and diacylglycerols of nutritional interest. Food Bioprocess Technol 6:17–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Andalusian Regional Government (Junta de Andalucía) through the Project P10-TEP-6550. I.M.R. also acknowledges a research scholarship granted by the Andalusian Regional Government.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain

    Ignacio Moya-Ramírez, Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga, Encarnación Jurado-Alameda & Miguel García-Román

Authors
  1. Ignacio Moya-Ramírez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Encarnación Jurado-Alameda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Miguel García-Román
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miguel García-Román.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 2627 kb)

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Moya-Ramírez, I., Fernández-Arteaga, A., Jurado-Alameda, E. et al. Waste Frying Oils as Substrate for Enzymatic Lipolysis: Optimization of Reaction Conditions in O/W Emulsion. J Am Oil Chem Soc 93, 1487–1497 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2900-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2900-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation