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Pigments for Aquaculture of Salmonids. A Comparative Model Study of Carophyll Pink and Panaferd AX in Cod Liver Oil

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Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Abstract

As one of the key ingredients in feed for rearing salmon the stability of the synthetic feed pigment Carophyll Pink® (CP) and the natural pigment Panaferd-AX® (PAN) in pure cod liver oil were investigated. As reference, pure cod liver oil without added carotenoids was used (PURE). Carotenoid content, isomerization of astaxanthin in CP and distribution of carotenoids in PAN and the antioxidant ability of CP and PAN were followed by HPLC in two model experiments (Experiment 1: 17 days, temperature 18.5–28.2 °C, and Experiment 2: 15 days, temperature 29.7 °C). Moreover, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric value (TBARS) and fatty acid (FA) compositions were analyzed in CP, PAN and PURE. Relative to cod liver oil with added PAN, addition of CP resulted in significantly higher stability of ∑PUFA, slower formation of peroxides, reduced oxidation and increased carotenoid stability during storage. For the isomerization of astaxanthin in CP a significantly decrease in all-E-astaxanthin and an increase in 13Z-astaxanthin was observed during storage in both experiments. Highest stability of different carotenoids in PAN were found for the carotenoid β-carotene in both experiments, followed by echinenone and astaxanthin in Experiment 1 and astaxanthin, adonirubin and adonixanthin in Experiment 2. It is concluded that the synthetic pigment feed additive CP significantly improves the stability of cod liver oil as compared to the natural pigment feed additive PAN (order of stability; CP > PAN > PURE).

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Orkla Health Dep. Denomega, Leknes, Norway for the supply of cod liver oil. We also want to thank the students Mia Holvik and Fredrik Flatjord Nilsen together with the staff at Sør-Trøndelag University College for excellent technical support.

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  1. Departments of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College, 7004, Trondheim, Norway

    Marianne Østerlie & Jørgen Lerfall

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  1. Marianne Østerlie
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  2. Jørgen Lerfall
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Correspondence to Jørgen Lerfall.

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Østerlie, M., Lerfall, J. Pigments for Aquaculture of Salmonids. A Comparative Model Study of Carophyll Pink and Panaferd AX in Cod Liver Oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 92, 1321–1331 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-015-2690-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-015-2690-8

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