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Dietary ALA, But not LNA, Increase Growth, Reduce Inflammatory Processes, and Increase Anti-Oxidant Capacity in the Marine Finfish Larimichthys crocea

Dietary ALA, but not LNA, Increase Growth, Reduce Inflammatory Processes, and Increase Anti-oxidant Capacity in the Large Yellow Croaker

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Lipids

Abstract

Whilst aquaculture feed is increasingly formulated with the inclusion of plant oils replacing fish oil, and increasing research effort has been invested in understanding the metabolic effects of reduced dietary n-3 long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), relatively little information is available on the potential direct metabolic roles of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n-6) ratio in cultured marine finfish species. In this study, four plant oil based diets, with varying ALA/LNA ratio (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) were fed to juvenile large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea) and compared to a fish oil-based control diet (CD) to evaluate the resulting effects on growth, nonspecific immunity, anti-oxidant capacity and related gene expression. High dietary LNA negatively impacted fish growth performance, nonspecific immunity and antioxidant capacity, but growth and immunity were maintained to levels comparable to CD by increasing the ratio of dietary ALA/LNA. The over-expression of genes associated with inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1β) and fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase I and acyl CoA oxidase) in croakers fed high concentrations of LNA were reduced to levels comparable to those fed CD by increasing dietary ALA/LNA. This study showed that dietary ALA, by increasing the overall n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio, exerts direct anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, similar to those exerted by dietary n-3 LC-PUFA.

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Abbreviations

ALA:

Alpha-linolenic acid

ACO:

Acyl CoA oxidase

CAT:

Catalase

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CPTI:

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I

FAS:

Fatty acid synthase

G6PD:

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

HSI:

Hepatosomatic index

LNA:

Linoleic acid

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

ME:

Malic enzyme

PI:

Phagocytic index

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

T-AOC:

Total antioxidant capacity

VSI:

Viscerosomatic index

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Foundation of China (Grant No.: 30871930, 31172425). We thank H. Asino, Q.Y. Duan, J.K. Shentu, Y.F. Zheng, X.J. Dong and P. Tan for their help during the experiment. We greatly appreciated the editors and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments in improving the quality of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People’s Republic of China

    Rantao Zuo

  2. Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People’s Republic of China

    Kangsen Mai, Wei Xu & Qinghui Ai

  3. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC, 3280, Australia

    Giovanni M. Turchini

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  1. Rantao Zuo
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  2. Kangsen Mai
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  3. Wei Xu
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  4. Giovanni M. Turchini
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  5. Qinghui Ai
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Correspondence to Qinghui Ai.

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Zuo, R., Mai, K., Xu, W. et al. Dietary ALA, But not LNA, Increase Growth, Reduce Inflammatory Processes, and Increase Anti-Oxidant Capacity in the Marine Finfish Larimichthys crocea . Lipids 50, 149–163 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-014-3970-z

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