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Effects of dual inhibition of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: balancing the risks and the benefits

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Abstract

Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide health problem often burdened by severe cardiovascular complications. Hypertension represents one of the most important risk factor in affecting cardiovascular profile of chronic kidney disease patients. Since renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a major role in determining cardiovascular outcome, guidelines recommend the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron inhibitors in order to control hypertension.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hypertension Unit, Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy

    Giuliano Tocci, Barbara Citoni, Vivianne Presta & Massimo Volpe

  2. IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy

    Giuliano Tocci & Massimo Volpe

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy

    Giovanna Leoncini, Francesca Viazzi, Barbara Bonino & Roberto Pontremoli

  4. IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132, Genoa, Italy

    Giovanna Leoncini, Francesca Viazzi, Barbara Bonino & Roberto Pontremoli

Authors
  1. Giuliano Tocci
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  2. Barbara Citoni
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  3. Vivianne Presta
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  4. Giovanna Leoncini
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  5. Francesca Viazzi
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  6. Barbara Bonino
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  7. Massimo Volpe
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  8. Roberto Pontremoli
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Correspondence to Roberto Pontremoli.

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Tocci, G., Citoni, B., Presta, V. et al. Effects of dual inhibition of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: balancing the risks and the benefits. Intern Emerg Med 15, 373–379 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-019-02257-3

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