Abstract
Understanding bulb dormancy while examining temperature-related requirements and photoperiod are essential for successful commercialization and the greenhouse forcing of autumn daffodil (Sternbergia lutea). In this study, autumn daffodil bulbs were stored at 5, 15 and 25 °C for one month. Then, one group of bulbs were evaluated in terms of biochemical characteristics in three parts of each bulb (scale, central bud and basal plate). A second group of bulbs were planted in a greenhouse for a separate experiment to study the effects of different photoperiods (short, moderate and long) on morphological traits. The heat map of treatments in the first experiment revealed that the bulb storage temperatures of 15 °C and 25 °C had somewhat similar effects on all three parts of the bulb but, conversely, 5 °C had discrete effects. The 5 °C resulted in higher contents of proline in the scale, along with more H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the basal plate. The highest activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed at 15 °C in the basal plate and at 5 °C in the central bud, respectively. In the second experiment, the time required for bulb sprouting and time to flowering were as follows: 5 °C > 25 °C > 15 °C. The heat map analysis indicated that temperature played a more substantial role than what photoperiod did in shaping the morphological traits. The interaction between 15 °C and the moderate photoperiod led to the highest value of most vegetative traits and of flowering percentage (70%). Therefore, this treatment can be considered as optimum for breaking relative bulb dormancy and to succeed better in growth and flowering.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- DW:
-
Dry weight
- FW:
-
Fresh weight
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- POD:
-
Peroxidase
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TSC:
-
Total soluble carbohydrate
References
Afek U, Kays SJ (2004) Postharvest physiology and storage of widely used root and tuber crops. Hortic Rev 30:253–318
Alexieva V, Sergiev I, Mapelli S, Karanov E (2001) The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant Cell Environ 24:1337–1344
Al-Khassawneh NM, Karam NS, Shibli RA (2006) Growth and flowering of black iris (Iris nigricans Dinsm) flowering treatment with plant growth regulators. Sci Hortic 107:187–193
Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S (2014) Lipid peroxidation, production, metabolism and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4- hydroxy–2–nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438
Bartolini S, Zanol GC, Viti R (2006) Changes in antioxidant compounds in flower buds of two apricot cultivars during the winter season. Acta Hortic 701:69–74
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water–stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207
Ben Michael TE, Faigenboim A, Shemesh-Mayer E, Forer I, Gershberg C, Shafran H, Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky R (2020) Crosstalk in the darkness: bulb vernalization activates meristem transition via circadian rhythm and photoperiodic pathway. BMC Plant Biol. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-2269-x
Beyer WF, Fridovich I (1987) Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Anal Biochem 161:559–566
De Hertogh A, Le Nard M (1993) Physiology of Flower Bulbs. Elsevier, Netherlands
Du Toit ES, Robbertse PJ, Niederwieser JG (2002) Effects of growth and storage temperature on Lachenalia cv. Ronina bulb morphology Sci Hortic 94:117–123
Erwin J (2006) Factors affecting flowering in ornamental plants. In: Anderson NO (ed) Flower breeding and genetics, issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st Century. Springer, Netherlands, pp 7–48
Farahmand H, Nazari F (2015) Environmental and anthropogenic pressures on geophytes of Iran and the possible protection strategies: a review. Int J Hortic Sci Technol 2:111–132
Guiying S, Qiong X, Xinghong H, Qiaolan L, Yanxiu W (2010) Changes of antioxidant enzymes in the bulbs of lily stored at low temperature and its effect on the dormancy release. Chin Sci Bull 7:37
Gurbuz B, Khawar KM, Arslan N, Ipek A, Sarıhan EO, Ozcan S, Parmaksız I, Mirici S (2009) Adaptation of endemic Mediterranean Sternbergia candida Mathew Et T. Baytop in the continental climate of Central Anatolia. Sci Hortic 123:99–103
Gutterman Y (1990) Photoperiodic influence on the time of flower development and anthesis in the hysteranthous geophyte Sternbergia clusiana. Flowering Newsl 9:31–35
Hemeda HM, Klein B (1990) Effects of naturally occurring antioxidants on peroxidase activity of vegetable extracts. J Food Sci 55:184–185
Irigoyen J, Einerich D, Sánchez-Díaz M (1992) Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. J Plant Physiol 84:55–60
Jevremovic´ S, Petric´ M, Zivkovic´ S, Trifunovic´ M, Subotic´ S, (2010) Superoxide dismutase activity and isoenzyme profiles in bulbs of snake’s head fritillary in response to cold treatment. Arch Biol Sci 62:553–558
Kamenetsky R, Okubo H (2013) Ornamental geophytes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, From Basic Science to Sustainable Production
Khodorova NV, Boitel-Conti M (2013) The role of temperature in the growth and flowering of geophytes. Plants 2:699–711
Khokhar KM, Hadley P, Pearson S (2007) Effect of cold temperature durations of onion sets in store on the incidence of bolting, bulbing and seed yield. Sci Hortic 112:16–22
Kooman PL, Haverkort AJ (1995) Modelling development and growth of the potato crop influenced by temperature and day length: LINTUL–POTATO. In: Haverkort AJ, MacKerron DKL (eds) Potato ecology and modelling of crops under conditions limiting growth. Kluwer Scientific Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 41–60
Kurtar ES, Ayan AK (2005) Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) on flowering, stalk elongation and bulb characteristics of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana var. Cassini). Pak J Bio Sci 8:273–277
Lambrechts H, Rook F, Kolloffel C (1994) Carbohydrate status of tulip bulbs during cold–induced flower stalk elongation and flowering. Plant Physiol 104:515–520
Langens-Gerrits MM, Miller WB, Croes AF, De Klerk GJ (2003) Effect of low temperature on dormancy breaking and growth after planting in lily bulblets regenerated in vitro. J Plant Growth Regul 40:267–275
Lee DH, Lee CB (2000) Chilling stress–induced changes of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of cucumber, in gel activity assays. Plant Sci 159:75–85
Li, (2000) Principles and techniques of plant physiological biochemical experiment. Higher Education Press, Bijing, pp 260–263
Lucidos JG, Younis A, Hwang YJ, Lim KB (2014) Determination of optimum conditions for breaking bulb dormancy in relation to growth and flowering in Lilium hansonii. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 55:257–262
Lurie G, Borochov A, Watad AA (1992) Aconitum, effect of tuber size, day length and GA3 on growth, flowering and tuber production. Acta Hortic 325:113–118
Mojtahedi N, Masuda JI, Hiramatsu M, Hai NTL, Okubo H (2013) Role of temperature in dormancy induction and release in one–year–old seedlings of Lilium longiflorum populations. J Japan Soci Hortic 82:63–68
Nazari F (2019) Propagation of endemic and endangered Sternbergia lutea with a high ornamental value by bulb chipping and plant growth regulators. Acta Sci Pol Hortorum Cultus 18:123–131
Ofir M, Kigel J (2006) Opposite effects of day length and temperature on flowering and summer dormancy of Poa bulbosa. Ann Bot 97:659–666
Petrić M, Jevremović S, Trifunović M, Tadić V, Milošević S, Dragićević M, Subotić A (2013) The effect of low temperature and GA3 treatments on dormancy breaking and activity of antioxidant enzymes in Fritillaria meleagris bulblets cultured in vitro. Acta Physiol Plant 35:3223–3236
Roh MS (2005) Flowering and inflorescence development of Lachenalia aloides ‘Pearsonii’ as influenced by bulb storage and forcing temperature. Sci Hortic 104:305–323
Shani E, Weinstain R, Zhang Y, Castillejo C, Kaiserli E, Chory J, Tsien RY, Estelle M (2013) Gibberellins accumulate in the elongating endodermal cells of Arabidopsis root. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:4834–4839
Torres AP, Lopez RG (2011) Photoperiod and temperature influence flowering responses and morphology of Tecoma stans. Hortsci 46:416–419
Vicas SI, Laslo V (2011) The correlation of the accumulation of cold units with some physiological and biochemical processes in the floral buds in the cultivation of nectarines (Prunus persica) in north–western Romania. Studia Univer. “Vasile Goldiş.” Seria Ştiinţele Vieţii 21:639–645
Vyas D, Kumar S (2005) Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) clone with lower period of winter dormancy exhibits lesser cellular damage in response to low temperature. Plant Physiol Biochem 43:383–388
Wu C, Wang M, Cheng Z, Meng H (2016) Response of garlic (Allium sativum L.) bolting and bulbing to temperature and photoperiod treatments. Biol Open 5:507–518
Xu RY, Niimi Y, Han DS (2006) Changes in endogenous abscisic acid and soluble sugars levels during dormancy-release in bulbs of Lilium rubellum. Sci Hort 111:68–72
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the University of Kurdistan for providing facilities and financial support (Grant No. CRC97-00242-1) for this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Communicated by P. K. Nagar.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Manafi, H., Nazari, F. The effect of storage temperature on biochemical changes in autumn daffodil bulbs (Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng.) and its impact on interactions with photoperiod and morphological indices. Acta Physiol Plant 43, 11 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03176-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03176-z