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A 5-Year Prospective Study on Incidence and Clinico-pathological Changes Associated with Naturally Occurring Trypanosomosis in Dogs of Mizoram, India

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Abstract

Purpose

The present research was taken to study the hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram.

Methods

A 5-year prospective study on hospital-based incidence and clinico-pathological changes associated with naturally occurring trypanosomosis in dogs of Mizoram was carried out during the study period from April, 2015 to March, 2020. Trypanosoma evansi infection was confirmed by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Non-infected clinically healthy dogs (n = 6) served as control. Blood samples were collected to study the haemogram and serum samples were used for the evaluation of serum biochemical parameters and oxidant-antioxidant parameters.

Results

During the study period, an overall incidence of 0.25% was recorded for trypanosomosis in dogs. The most consistent clinical findings noticed were anorexia/inappetence, pyrexia, depression/lethargy, pale mucous membrane, dehydration and lymphadenomegaly. Anaemia, granulocytopenia, lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia were the major findings noticed in trypanosomosis affected dogs. The profile of vital organ function revealed that the mean values of total protein, albumin and random blood glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, whereas the mean values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs affected with trypanosomosis. The mean value of lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, whereas the mean values of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TAOA) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in trypanosomosis affected dogs. When total erythrocyte count (TEC) was correlated with LPO (r = − 0.631, P < 0.05), a negative correlation was found, while in case of GSH (r = 0.757, P < 0.05), SOD (r = 0.767, P < 0.05) and TAOA (r = 0.713, P < 0.05), it was positively correlated.

Conclusion

A negative correlation of TEC count with LPO, while a positive correlation with GSH, SOD and TAOA signify the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of anaemia induced by T. evansi infection in dogs. The present study findings might be helpful to clinicians when treating clinical cases of this kind. Incorporation of organ protective drugs and antioxidants in the treatment schedule may result in better prognosis.

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

BUN:

Blood urea nitrogen

CAT:

Catalase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathine reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

LPO:

Lipid hydroperoxide

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAOA:

Total antioxidant activity

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly thankful to the Vice Chancellor, Central Agricultural University and Dean, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, for providing the requisite facilities to carry out the present research work.

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Author notes

  1. Vijayakumar Jawalagatti

    Present address: Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54596, South Korea

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India

    Kalyan Sarma, Chethan Gollahalli Eregowda, Hridayesh Prasad, Suvendu Kumar Behera, Nikitasha Bora & Dhruba Das

  2. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India

    Parimal Roychoudhury

  3. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India

    Sonjoy Kumar Borthakur

  4. Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India

    Vijayakumar Jawalagatti

  5. Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC-Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, 231001, India

    Neeraj Thakur

  6. Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India

    Kalyan Sarma, Chethan Gollahalli Eregowda, Hridayesh Prasad, Suvendu Kumar Behera, Nikitasha Bora & Dhruba Das

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Contributions

KS, CGE, PR, SKB, VJ, HP, SKB, NB, and DD: conducting the research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection. KS, CGE, and NT: preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation)

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Correspondence to Chethan Gollahalli Eregowda.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal participants performed by any of the authors. The article reports clinical cases presented to TVCC, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. All protocols followed were as per the guidelines from the standard textbooks in Veterinary Medicine and were in compliance with ethical standards of the institute.

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Sarma, K., Eregowda, C.G., Roychoudhury, P. et al. A 5-Year Prospective Study on Incidence and Clinico-pathological Changes Associated with Naturally Occurring Trypanosomosis in Dogs of Mizoram, India. Acta Parasit. 67, 61–71 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00425-0

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