Abstract
Immunotherapy plays a compelling role in cancer treatment and has already made remarkable progress. However, many patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors fail to achieve clinical benefits, and the response rates vary among tumor types. New approaches that promote anti-tumor immunity have recently been developed, such as small molecules, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell products, and cancer vaccines. Small molecule drugs include agonists and inhibitors that can reach the intracellular or extracellular targets of immune cells participating in innate or adaptive immune pathways. Bispecific antibodies, which bind two different antigens or one antigen with two different epitopes, are of great interest. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell products and cancer vaccines have also been investigated. This review explores the recent progress and challenges of different forms of immunotherapy agents and provides an insight into future immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Hongyun Zhao, Fan Luo, Jinhui Xue, Su Li, and Rui-Hua Xu declare that they have no conflicts of interest. This manuscript is a review article and does not involve a research protocol requiring approval from relevant institutional review board or ethics committee.
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Zhao, H., Luo, F., Xue, J. et al. Emerging immunological strategies: recent advances and future directions. Front. Med. 15, 805–828 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0886-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-021-0886-x