Abstract
Aberrant intrinsic brain networks are consistently observed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. However, studies examining the strength of functional connectivity across brain regions have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the functional connectivity of the resting brain in children with low-functioning autism, including during the early developmental stages. We explored the functional connectivity of 43 children with autism spectrum disorder and 54 children with typical development aged 2 to 12 years using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. We used independent component analysis to classify the brain regions into six intrinsic networks and analyzed the functional connectivity within each network. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between functional connectivity and clinical scores. In children with autism, the under-connectivities were observed within several brain networks, including the cognitive control, default mode, visual, and somatomotor networks. In contrast, we found over-connectivities between the subcortical, visual, and somatomotor networks in children with autism compared with children with typical development. Moderate effect sizes were observed in entire networks (Cohen’s d = 0.43–0.77). These network alterations were significantly correlated with clinical scores such as the communication sub-score (r = − 0.442, p = 0.045) and the calibrated severity score (r = − 0.435, p = 0.049) of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. These opposing results observed based on the brain areas suggest that aberrant neurodevelopment proceeds in various ways depending on the functional brain regions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
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All data and materials generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation, funded by the Korean government, and the Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation grant, funded by the Korean government.
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This study was supported by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation funded by the Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT [MSIT]; No. 2020M3E5D9080787 to B.-N.K. and 2020M3E5D9080788 to J.-M.L.) and Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT; No. 2020-0-01373, Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program [Hanyang University]).
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Narae Yoon and Sohui Kim analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote and edited the manuscript. Mee Rim Oh and Minji Kim contributed to the acquisition of fMRI and demographical data. Bung-Nyun Kim and Jong-Min Lee designed the study, prepared the original draft of the manuscript and funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Yoon, N., Kim, S., Oh, M.R. et al. Intrinsic network abnormalities in children with autism spectrum disorder: an independent component analysis. Brain Imaging and Behavior 18, 1–14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-024-00858-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-024-00858-x