Abstract
In the present study, ternary Bi-Ge-In and Bi-Ge-Sn systems were experimentally investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and x-ray diffraction. The results of experimental investigation were compared with thermodynamically predicted phase diagrams. Temperatures of phase transformations, determined by DTA, were compared with the calculated vertical sections (three vertical sections per ternary systems were investigated) and a close agreement was obtained. The results of EDS analysis were compared with the calculated isothermal sections. Phase compositions of co-existing phases, determined by EDS analysis, were found to support the corresponding calculated phase compositions quite well. Based on the observed overall good agreement between the results of experiments and thermodynamic calculations, it was concluded that fairly accurate descriptions of the phase diagrams of ternary Bi-Ge-In and Bi-Ge-Sn systems can be obtained without the introduction of ternary thermodynamic parameters. By using the proposed thermodynamic datasets, liquidus projections and invariant reactions have been predicted for both the investigated ternary systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.W. Burr, B.N. Kurdi, J.C. Scott, C.H. Lam, K. Gopalakrishnan, and R.S. Shenoy, Overview of candidate Device Technologies for Storage-Class Memory, IBM J. Res. Dev., 2008, 52(4–5), p 449-464
T.C. Chong, X. Hu, L.P. Shi, P.K. Tan, X.S. Miao, and R. Zhao, Multispeed Superlattice-Like Phase Change Optical Disk, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2003, 42(2B), p 824-827
D. Kalaba, D. Cikara, and Z. Radakovic, Thermomechanical Properties of PbSbSn, FME Trans., 2010, 38, p 49-54
J. Solis, C.N. Afonso, J.F. Trull, and M.C. Morilla, Fast Crystallizing GeSb Alloys for Optical Data Storage, J. Appl. Phys., 1994, 75(12), p 7788-7793
L. Tichý, H. Tichá, A. Pačesová, and J. Petzlt, On the Infrared Spectra of Ge-Bi-Se(S) Glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1991, 128(2), p 191-196
M. Premović, D. Minić, V. Cosović, D. Manasijević, and D. Živković, Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Calculations of the Bi-Ge-Sb Phase Diagram, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45A, p 4829-4841
H.P. Trah, Liquid Phase Epitaxy in the Ternary System Si-Ge-Bi, J. Cryst. Growth, 1990, 102(1–2), p 175-182
D. Milisavljević, D. Minić, M. Premović, D. Manasijević, V. Ćosović, and N. Košanin, Combined Thermodynamic Description and Experimental Investigation of the Ternary Ag-Bi-Ge System, Int. J. Thermophys., 2019, 40(3), p 29
W. Cao, S.L. Chen, F. Zhang, K. Wu, Y. Yang, Y.A. Chang, R. Schmid-Fetzer, and W.A. Oates, PANDAT Software with Panengine, Panoptimizer And Panprecipitation For Multicomponent Phase Diagram Calculation And Materials Property Simulation, Calphad, 2009, 33(2), p 328-342
D. Boa and I. Ansara, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Ternary System Bi–In–Pb, Thermochim. Acta, 1998, 314, p 79-86
P.Y. Chevalier, A Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Ge-In, Ge-Pb, Ge-Sb, Ge-Tl, and Ge-Zn Systems, Thermochim. Acta, 1989, 155, p 227-240
P.-Y. Chevalier, Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Bi-Ge System, Thermochim. Acta, 1988, 132, p 111-116
J. Vizdal, M.H. Braga, A. Kroupa, K.W. Richter, D. Soares, L.F. Malheiros, and J. Ferreira, Thermodynamic Assessment of the Bi-Sn-Zn System, Calphad, 2007, 31, p 438-448
Y. Feutelais, B. Legendre, and S.G. Fries, Thermodynamic Evaluation of the System Germanium-Tin, Calphad, 1996, 20(1), p 109-123
P. Fima and A. Gazda, Thermal Analysis of Selected Sn-Ag-Cu Alloys, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2013, 112, p 731-737
W.J. Boettinger, U.R. Kattner, K.W. Moon, and J.H. Perepezko, in DTA and Heat-Flux DSC Measurements of Alloy Melting and Freezing (NIST recommended practice guide, Special publication 960-15, NIST, 2006)
A.S. Cooper, Precise Lattice Constants of Germanium. Aluminum, Gallium Arsenide, Uranium, Sulphur, Quartz and Sapphire, Acta Cryst., 1962, 15, p 578-582
N. Ridley, Densities of Some Indium Solid Solutions, J. Less Common. Met., 1965, 8(5), p 354-357
R. Kubiak and J. Janczak, The Crystal Structure of Bi and of Solid Solutions of Pb, Sn, Sb and Te in Bi, J. Alloys Compd., 1993, 196, p 117-119
P. Cucka and C.S. Barrett, The Crystal Structure of Bi and of Solid Solutions of Pb, Sn, Sb and Te in Bi, Acta Cryst., 1962, 15, p 865-875
T.F. Smith, T.R. Finlayson, and P.D. Currie, The Phase Diagram for In-rich In-Bi-Alloys, J. Less-Common Met., 1978, 62, p 13-24
R. Kubiak, Röntgenographische Untersuchungen der intermetallischen Phasen In5Bi3, In2Bi und InBi zwischen +60 und −135 °C, Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1977, 431, p 261-267
R. Wang, B.C. Giessen, and N.J. Grant, The Crystal Structure of In5Bi3, Krist., 1969, 129, p 244-251
V.T. Deshpande and D.B. Sirdeshmukh, Thermal Expansion of Tetragonal Tin, Acta Crystallogr., 1961, 14, p 355-356
Acknowledgment
This work has been supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant No. ON172037).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Djordjević, A., Minić, D., Premović, M. et al. Experimental Examination and Thermodynamic Description of the Ternary Bi-Ge-In and -Sn Systems. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 40, 623–637 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-019-00749-5
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-019-00749-5