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Study of the Properties of Titanium Porous Coating with Different Porosity Gradients on 316L Stainless Steel by a Cold Spray Process

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Abstract

Loosening of implants could be avoided by using porous biomaterial coating. However, a highly porous coating could lead to poor bond strength. In this work, an attempt to apply gradient porous coating to avoid this was made. Titanium (Ti) gradient porous coatings with three layers were coated on grit-blasted and ground 316L stainless steels by cold spray using various nitrogen gas temperatures and pressures. The lowest porosity layer (5% porosity) at the coating/substrate interface, and the high porosity layer (30-40% porosity) at the top surface was successfully deposited. The lowest porosity gradient was obtained with the same spray conditions for 2nd and 3rd layers, while the higher porosity gradient coating was achieved by altering the gas pressure for the 2nd layer deposition. Different failure modes of Ti coating including adhesion, glue, and cohesion failure, were found. High porosity gradient samples relatively showed a high bond strength (34-54 MPa) compared to the low porosity gradient samples (23-41MPa). The cohesion failure resulted in a reduction in bond strength. This suggested that controlling the porosity gradient could improve the coating bond strength. Note that surface preparation by grit blasting could reduce the bond strength due to the embedded alumina grit.

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Acknowledgments

The financial support received from the Research and Researchers for Industries-RRI of The Thailand Research Fund and funding from the NanoShield Company Limited (Thailand) under the Research Scholar Grant No. PHD58I0047 are truly appreciated. Impact Innovation GmbH (Germany) provided the cold spray coating and adhesion testing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

    K. Wathanyu & K. Tuchinda

  2. Material Manufacturing and Surface Engineering Research Center, Science and Technology Research Institute, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

    K. Wathanyu & K. Tuchinda

  3. Department of Production Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

    S. Daopiset

  4. Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand

    S. Sirivisoot

  5. Impact Innovation GmbH, Bürgermeister-Steinberger-Ring 1, 84431, Haun/Rattenkirchen, Germany

    J. Kondas & C. Bauer

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  1. K. Wathanyu
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  2. K. Tuchinda
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Correspondence to K. Tuchinda.

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Wathanyu, K., Tuchinda, K., Daopiset, S. et al. Study of the Properties of Titanium Porous Coating with Different Porosity Gradients on 316L Stainless Steel by a Cold Spray Process. J Therm Spray Tech 31, 545–558 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01316-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01316-6

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