Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modification of Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coating on Nickel-Aluminum Bronze by Micro-Arc Oxidation

  • Peer Reviewed
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to improve the wear resistance of nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) substrates by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). As this treatment is difficult to apply to NAB surface, cold spraying (CS) was first used to deposit aluminum with a purity of 99.5% onto the NAB substrates. The aluminum-coated substrate was then treated by MAO to convert the aluminum layer into Al2O3 coating in order to enhance the wear resistance. The tribological behavior of NAB substrates with or without the alumina coating was evaluated with a dry sliding wear test using a ball-on-flat reciprocating tester with varied testing loads ranging from 1 to 5 N. The results demonstrated that the oxide layer (Al2O3) formed on the aluminum layer enhanced the wear resistance of NAB alloy against 100Cr6 steel ball. Compared to uncoated NAB alloy, the wear resistance (inverse of wear rate) of the NAB alloy with the MAO coating was at least nine times higher than that of the uncoated NAB alloy at all testing loads.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

taken from the oxidized region of worn surface of MAO coating tested under testing load of 5 N (Fig. 8(c), EDS4)

Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B. Thossatheppitak, S. Suranuntchai, V. Uthaisangsuk, A. Manonukul and P. Mungsuntisuk, Microstructure Evolution of Nickel Aluminum Bronze Alloy during Compression at Elevated Temperatures, Adv. Mat. Res., 2014, 893, p 365–370.

    Google Scholar 

  2. I. Richardson, Guide to Nickel Aluminium Bronze for Engineers. Copper Development Association Publication Web, https://www.copper.org/applications/marine/nickel_al_bronze/pub-222-nickel-al-bronze-guide-engineers.pdf, 2016. Accessed 22 November 2020.

  3. R.M. Gresham and G.E. Totten, Lubrication and Maintenance of Industrial Machinery: Best Practices and Reliability, CRC Press, Florida, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J.R. Davis, ASM Specialty Handbook: Copper and Copper Alloys, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. Cottam and M. Brandt, Laser Surface Treatment to Improve the Surface Corrosion Properties of Nickel-Aluminum Bronze, Laser Surf Eng., 2015, 2015, p 469–481.

    Google Scholar 

  6. D. Féron, Corrosion Behaviour and Protection of Copper and Aluminium Alloys in Seawater, CRC Press, Florida, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Li, T.L. Ngai and W. Xia, Mechanical Friction and Wear Behaviors of a Novel High-Strength Wear-Resisting Aluminum Bronze, Wear, 1996, 197(1–2), p 130–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. B. Thossatheppitak, S. Suranuntchai, V. Uthaisangsuk, A. Manonukul and P. Mungsuntisuk, Mechanical Properties at High Temperatures and Microstructures of a Nickel Aluminum Bronze Alloy, Adv. Mat. Res., 2013, 683, p 82–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. M. Heydarzadeh Sohi, S.M.H. Hojjatzadeh, A. Khodayar and A. Amadeh, Liquid Phase Surface Alloying of a Nickel Aluminum Bronze Alloy with Titanium, Surf Coatings Technol., 2017, 325, p 617–626.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Q. Luo, Z. Wu, Z. Qin, L. Liu and W. Hu, Surface Modification of Nickel-Aluminum Bronze Alloy with Gradient Ni-Cu Solid Solution Coating via Thermal Diffusion, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2017, 309, p 106–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Thapliyal and D.K. Dwivedi, Study of the Effect of Friction Stir Processing of the Sliding Wear Behavior of Cast NiAl Bronze: A Statistical Analysis, Tribol. Int., 2016, 97, p 124–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. R.C. Barik, J.A. Wharton, R.J.K. Wood, K.S. Tan and K.R. Stokes, Erosion and Erosion-Corrosion Performance of Cast and Thermally Sprayed Nickel-Aluminium Bronze, Wear, 2005, 259(1–6), p 230–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K.-S. Park and S. Kim, Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of Cast NAB Coated with NAB by HVOF Thermal Spray, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2011, 158(10), p C335.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Elias, M. Nastaran, N. Mohabbat, A. Hossein, and S. Ali, Wear and Corrosion Properties of Stellite-6 Coating Fabricated by HVOF on Nickel–Aluminium Bronze Substrate, Met. Mater. Int., 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00697-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Z. Wu, Y. Xia, G. Li and F. Xu, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Coatings Fabricated by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation on Aluminized Steel, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253(20), p 8398–8403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. Fotovvati, N. Namdari and A. Dehghanghadikolaei, On Coating Techniques for Surface Protection: A Review, J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 2019, 3(1), p 28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Papyrin, V. Kosarev, S. Klinkov, A. Alkhimov, and V.M. Fomin, Cold Spray Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  18. R.J.K. Wood, Erosion-Corrosion Interactions and Their Effect on Marine and Offshore Materials, Wear, 2006, 261(9), p 1012–1023.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. L.R. Krishna, G. Poshal, A. Jyothirmayi and G. Sundararajan, Compositionally Modulated CGDS+ MAO Duplex Coatings for Corrosion Protection of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 578, p 355–361.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. Martin, K. Akoda, V. Ntomprougkidis, O. Ferry, A. Maizeray, A. Bastien, P. Brenot, G. Ezoo and G. Henrion, Duplex Surface Treatment of Metallic Alloys Combining Cold-Spray and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Technologies, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2020, 392, p 125756.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. O. Tazegul, F. Muhaffel, O. Meydanoglu, M. Baydogan, E.S. Kayali and H. Cimenoglu, Wear and Corrosion Characteristics of Novel Alumina Coatings Produced by Micro Arc Oxidation on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2014, 258, p 168–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Y. Rao, Q. Wang, D. Oka and C.S. Ramachandran, On the PEO Treatment of Cold Sprayed 7075 Aluminum Alloy and Its Effects on Mechanical, Corrosion and Dry Sliding Wear Performances Thereof, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2020, 383, p 125271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Lv, L. Wang, X. Xu and W. Lu, Effect of Post Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Friction Stir Processed NiAl Bronze (NAB) Alloy, Metals, 2015, 5(3), p 1695–1703.

    Google Scholar 

  24. L.R. Krishna, P. Gupta and G. Sundararajan, The Influence of Phase Gradient within the Micro Arc Oxidation (MAO) Coatings on Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2015, 269, p 54–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. Tian, Z. Luo, S. Qi and X. Sun, Structure and Antiwear Behavior of Micro-Arc Oxidized Coatings on Aluminum Alloy, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2002, 154(1), p 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. V. Belozerov, O. Sobol, A. Mahatilova, V. Subbotina, A.T. Taha, F. Ubeidulla and M. Safwan, Effect of Electrolysis Regimes on the Structure and Properties of Coatings on Aluminum Alloys Formed by Anode-Cathode Micro Arc Oxidation, Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(91), p 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  27. V. Dehnavi, X.Y. Liu, B.L. Luan, D.W. Shoesmith and S. Rohani, Phase Transformation in Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on 6061 Aluminum Alloy, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2014, 251, p 106–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. V.K. Champagne, The Cold Spray Materials Deposition Process Fundamentals and Applications, Woodhead Publisher, Sawston, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  29. M.R. Rokni, S.R. Nutt, C.A. Widener, V.K. Champagne and R.H. Hrabe, Review of Relationship between Particle Deformation, Coating Microstructure, and Properties in High-Pressure Cold Spray, J. Therm. spray Technol., 2017, 26(6), p 1308–1355.

    Google Scholar 

  30. E. Irissou, J.-G. Legoux, B. Arsenault and C. Moreau, Investigation of Al-Al 2 O 3 Cold Spray Coating Formation and Properties, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16(5–6), p 661–668.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. U. Ahmed, L. Yi, L.F. Fei, M. Yasir, C.-J. Li, and C.-X. Li, Enhancement of Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Properties of LA43M Mg Alloy by Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coatings Reinforced with Alumina and Carbon Nanotubes, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2021, 30(3), p 668–679.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Fernandez and B. Jodoin, Cold Spray Aluminum-Alumina Cermet Coatings: Effect of Alumina Morphology, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2019, 28(4), p 737–755.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Z. Zhang, F. Liu, E.-H. Han and L. Xu, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties in 3.5% NaCl Solution of Cold Sprayed Al-Based Coatings, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2020, 385, p 125372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Y.-K. Wei, X.-T. Luo, Y. Ge, X. Chu, G.-S. Huang and C.-J. Li, Deposition of Fully Dense Al-Based Coatings via in-Situ Micro-Forging Assisted Cold Spray for Excellent Corrosion Protection of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 806, p 1116–1126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. F.S. da Silva, N. Cinca, S. Dosta, I.G. Cano, J.M. Guilemany and A.V. Benedetti, Effect of the Outer Layer of Al Coatings Deposited by Cold Gas Spray on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of the AA 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2020, 29(5), p 1040–1053.

    Google Scholar 

  36. F. Meng, D. Hu, Y. Gao, S. Yue and J. Song, Cold-Spray Bonding Mechanisms and Deposition Efficiency Prediction for Particle/Substrate with Distinct Deformability, Mater. Des., 2016, 109, p 503–510.

    Google Scholar 

  37. C.C. Berndt, K.A. Khor, and E.F. Lugscheider, Thermal Spray 2001: New Surfaces for a New Millennium, C.C. Berndt, K.A. Khor, and E.F. Lugscheider, Ed., May 28-30, 2001 (Singapore), ASM International, 2001, p 1272-1276

  38. D. Zhang, P.H. Shipway and D.G. McCartney, Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying of Aluminum: The Role of Substrate Characteristics in Deposit Formation, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2005, 14(1), p 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  39. M. Yu, W.-Y. Li, F.F. Wang and H.L. Liao, Effect of Preheating on Deformation in Cold Spraying Dissimilar Combinations, Surf. Eng., 2014, 30(5), p 329–334.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Yin, X. Suo, Y. Xie, W. Li, R. Lupoi and H. Liao, Effect of Substrate Temperature on Interfacial Bonding for Cold Spray of Ni onto Cu, J. Mater. Sci., 2015, 50(22), p 7448–7457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Schmidt, H. Assadi, F. Gärtner, H. Richter, T. Stoltenhoff, H. Kreye and T. Klassen, From Particle Acceleration to Impact and Bonding in Cold Spraying, J. Therm. spray Technol., 2009, 18(5), p 794–808.

    Google Scholar 

  42. K. Kim, M. Watanabe and S. Kuroda, Bonding Mechanisms of Thermally Softened Metallic Powder Particles and Substrates Impacted at High Velocity, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2010, 204(14), p 2175–2180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. L. Aucott, D. Huang, H.B. Dong, S.W. Wen, J.A. Marsden, A. Rack and A.C.F. Cocks, Initiation and Growth Kinetics of Solidification Cracking during Welding of Steel, Sci. Rep., 2017, 7, p 40255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Yürektürk, F. Muhaffel and M. Baydoğan, Characterization of Micro Arc Oxidized 6082 Aluminum Alloy in an Electrolyte Containing Carbon Nanotubes, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2015, 269, p 83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  45. E. Rabinowicz and R.I. Tanner, Friction and Wear of Materials, J. Appl. Mech., 1966, 33, p 479.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Z. Cagatay Oter, Y. Azakli, S. Cengiz, Y. Gencer and M. Tarakci, Microarc Oxidation of Pure Aluminium in Alumina Containing Electrolytes, Surf. Eng., 2019, 36(8), p 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  47. P.A. Dearnley, Introduction to Surface Engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  48. P.C. Panta and C.P. Bergmann, Raman Spectroscopy of Iron Oxide of Nanoparticles (Fe3O4), J. Mater. Sci. Eng, 2015, 5, p 217.

    Google Scholar 

  49. D. Dowson, C.M. Taylor, and M. Godet Eds., Mechanics of Coatings, Elsevier, North Holland, 1990

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. Murat Baydoğan, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Çimenoğlu, M.Sc. Faiz Muhaffel, M.Sc. Doğukan Çetiner, and Mertcan Kaba from Istanbul Technical University, for their valuable help during tests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey

    Yakup Yürektürk

Authors
  1. Yakup Yürektürk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yakup Yürektürk.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares that I have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yürektürk, Y. Modification of Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coating on Nickel-Aluminum Bronze by Micro-Arc Oxidation. J Therm Spray Tech 30, 1274–1283 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01209-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01209-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation