Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pure Tungsten Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Subsequent Hot Isostatic Pressing: Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Thermal Conductivity

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, pure tungsten parts were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The effects of volumetric energy density (VED) during LPBF process and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatments on the densification behavior, microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of printed parts were systematically investigated. The maximum relative densities of 95.91 and 98.97% for the as-built and HIP treated samples were achieved, respectively. The microstructural characterization showed that the as-built samples had columnar grains with a strong texture along the building direction. The preferred orientation disappeared and the deformed microstructure transferred into substructured and recrystallized grains after HIPing at 1600 °C. The mechanical testing results indicated that the highest microhardness of 450 HV and the maximum ultimate compressive strength of ~ 1.22 GPa were achieved in the specimen fabricated at the VED of 312.50 J/mm3, respectively, under the conditions of as-built and HIPped at 1600 °C. The corresponding thermal conductivity was improved to 158 W/m∙K after HIPping, which implies a promising candidate for the application in the nuclear fusion reactor.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L.L. Snead, D.T. Hoelzer, M. Rieth, and A.A.N. Nemith (2019) Refractory Alloys: Vanadium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Tungsten, in G.R. Odette, S.J. Zinkle (Eds.) Structural Alloys for Nuclear Energy Application pp 585-640

  2. X.F. Xie, K. Jing, Z.M. Xie, R. Liu, J.F. Yang, Q.F. Fang, C.S. Liu, and X.B. Wu, Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of W-TiC and W-Y2O3 Alloys Fabricated by Hot-pressing Sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2021, 819, p 141496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. B. Zeep, P. Norajitra, V. Piotter, J. Boehm, R. Ruprecht, and J. Hausselt, Net Shaping of Tungsten Components by Micro Powder Injection Moulding, Fusion Eng. Des., 2007, 82(15–24), p 2660–2665.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Duerrschnabel, S. Antusch, B. Holtermann, U. Jaentsch, S. Baumgaertner, C. Bonnekoh, M. Hoffmann, and M. Rieth, Elucidating the Microstructure of Tungsten Composite Materials Produced by Powder Injection Molding, Nucl. Mater. Energy, 2020, 24, p 100766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. X.X. Zhang, Q.Z. Yan, C.T. Yang, T.N. Wang, M. Xia, and C.C. Ge, Recrystallization Temperature of Tungsten with Different Deformation Degrees, Rare Met., 2016, 35, p 566–570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Deng, J. Li, R. Li, H. Zhao, T. Yuan, L. Li, and Y. Zhang, The Effect of Particle Size on the Densification Kinetics of Tungsten Powder During Spark Plasma Sintering, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2020, 93, p 105358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Iveković, N. Omidvari, B. Vrancken, K. Lietaert, L. Thijs, K. Vanmeensel, J. Vleugels, and J.-P. Kruthc, Selective Laser Melting of Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2018, 72, p 27–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. X. Zhou, X. Liu, D. Zhang, Z. Shen, and W. Liu, Balling Phenomena in Selective Laser melted Tungsten, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 222, p 33–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. K. Deprez, S. Vandenberghe, K.V. Audenhaege, J.V. Vaerenbergh, and R.V. Holen, Rapid Additive Manufacturing of MR Compatible Multipinhole Collimators with Selective Laser Melting of Tungsten Powder, Med. Phys., 2013, 40(1), p 012501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. R.K. Enneti, R. Morgan, and S.V. Atre, Effect of Process Parameters on the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of Tungsten, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2018, 71, p 315–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. D.Z. Wang, K.L. Li, C.F. Yu, J. Ma, W. Liu, and Z.J. Shen, Cracking Behavior in Additively Manufactured Pure Tungsten, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett., 2019, 32, p 127–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Q. Qin, F. Yang, T. Shi, Z. Guo, and P. Cao, Spheroidization of Tantalum Powder by Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma Processing, Adv. Powder Technol., 2019, 30(8), p 1709–1714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Wen, C. Wang, Y. Zhou, L. Duan, Q. Wei, S. Yang, and Y. Shi, High-density Tungsten Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting: Densification, Microstructure, Mechanical and Thermal Performance, Opt. Laser Technol., 2019, 116, p 128–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Huang, M. Li, J. Wang, Z. Pei, P. Mclntyre, and C. Ma, Selective Laser Melting of Tungsten: Effects of Hatch Distance and Point Distance on Pore Formation, J. Manuf. Process., 2021, 61, p 296–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Guo, D. Gu, L. Xi, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Yang, and R. Wang, Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing of Pure Tungsten: Role of Volumetric Energy Density on Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2019, 84, p 105025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. T. Todo, T. Ishimoto, O. Gokcekaya, J. Oh, and T. Nakano, Single Crystalline-Like Crystallographic Texture Formation of Pure Tungsten Through Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Scr. Mater., 2022, 206, p 114252.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. O. Gokcekaya, T. Ishimoto, T. Todo, P. Wang, and T. Nakano, Influence of Powder Characteristics on Densification Via Crystallographic Texture Formation: Pure Tungsten Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Addit. Manuf. Lett., 2021, 1, p 100016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Chen, K. Li, Y. Wang, L. Xing, C. Yu, H. Liu, J. Ma, W. Liu, and Z. Shen, The Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Thermal Conductivity of Additively Manufactured Pure Tungsten, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2020, 87, p 105135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Q. Qin, F. Yang, T. Shi, Z. Guo, H. Sun, P. Li, X. Lu, C. Chen, J. Hao, and P. Cao, Spheroidization of Tantalum Powder by Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma Processing, Adv. Powder Technol., 2019, 30(8), p 1709–1714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Mercelis and J.P. Kruth, Residual Stresses in Selective Laser Sintering and Selective Laser Melting, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2006, 12(5), p 254–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. T. Simson, A. Emmel, A. Dwars, and J. Böhm, Residual Stress Measurements on AISI 316L Samples Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting, Addit. Manuf., 2017, 17, p 183–189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. K. Li, D. Wang, L. Xing, Y. Wang, C. Yu, J. Chen, T. Zhang, J. Ma, W. Liu, and Z. Shen, Crack Suppression in Additively Manufactured Tungsten by Introducing Secondary-Phase Nanoparticles into the Matrix, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2019, 79, p 158–163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. D. Wang, Z. Wang, K. Li, J. Ma, W. Liu, and Z. Shen, Cracking in laser additively manufactured W: Initiation Mechanism and a Suppression Approach by Alloying, Mater. Des., 2019, 162, p 384–393.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. E. Lassner and W.D. Schubert, Tungsten: Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds, Vienna University of Technology, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. J. Xue, Z. Feng, J. Tang, C. Tang, and Z. Zhao, Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten with Niobium Alloying: Microstructure and Suppression Mechanism of Microcracks, J. Alloy. Compd., 2021, 874(6), p 159879.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. H.H. Zhu, L. Lu, and J.Y.H. Fuh, Study on Shrinkage Behaviour of Direct Laser Sintering Metallic Powder, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., 2006, 220(2), p 183–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G. Yang, P. Yang, K. Yang, N. Liu, and H. Tang, Effect of Processing Parameters on the Density, Microstructure and Strength of Pure Tungsten Fabricated by Selective Electron Beam Melting, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2019, 84(1), p 105040.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Braun, L. Kaserer, J. Stajkovic, K.H. Leitz, and G. Leichtfried, Molybdenum and Tungsten Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting—Analysis of Defect Structure and Solidification Mechanisms, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2019, 84(84), p 104999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. X. Zhao, L. Xin, J. Chen, L. Xue, and W. Huang, The Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Crack Healing, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties of Rene88DT Superalloy Prepared by Laser Solid Forming, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 504(1–2), p 129–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. B. AlMangour, D. Grzesiak, and J.M. Yang, Selective Laser Melting of TiB2/H13 Steel Nanocomposites: Influence of Hot Isostatic Pressing Post-Treatment, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 244, p 344–353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Epishin, B. Fedelich, T. Link, T. Feldmann, and I.L. Svetlov, Pore annihilation in a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy During Hot Isostatic Pressing: Experiment and Modelling, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 586, p 342–349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Vilanova, F. Garciandia, S. Sainz, D. Jorge-Badiola, T. Guraya, and M. San Sebastian, The Limit of Hot isostatic pressing for Healing Cracks Present in an Additively Manufactured Nickel Superalloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2021, 300, p 117398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Q. Han, R. Mertens, M.L. Montero-Sistiaga, S. Yang, R. Setchi, K. Vanmeensel, B.V. Hooreweder, S.L. Evans, and H. Fan, Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Hastelloy X: Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing and the Hot Cracking Mechanism, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 732, p 228–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. V. Livescu, C.M. Knapp, G.T. Gray, R.M. Martinez, B.M. Morrow, and B.G. Ndefru, Additively Manufactured Tantalum Microstructures, Materialia, 2018, 1, p 15–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y.J. Liang, X. Cheng, J. Li, and H.M. Wang, Microstructural Control During Laser Additive Manufacturing of Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys: New Processing-Microstructure Maps Involving Powder Feeding, Mater. Des., 2017, 130, p 197–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Nie, C. Chen, L. Liu, X. Wang, R. Zhao, S. Shuai, J. Wang, and Z. Ren, Effect of Substrate Cooling on the Epitaxial Growth of Ni-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy Fabricated by Direct Energy Deposition, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. Shenyang, 2020, 62, p 148–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. A.T. Sidambe, Y. Tian, P.B. Prangnell, and P. Fox, Effect of Processing Parameters on the Densification, Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture During the Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Pure Tungsten, Int. J. Refract Metal Hard Mater., 2019, 78, p 254–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. K. Tsuchida, T. Miyazawa, A. Hasegawa, S. Nogami, and M. Fukuda, Recrystallization Behavior of Hot-Rolled Pure Tungsten and Its Alloy Plates During High-temperature Annealing, Nucl. Mater. Energy, 2018, 15, p 158–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. X. Ren, H. Liu, F. Lu, L. Huang, and X. Yi, Effects of Processing Parameters on the Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Pure Tungsten Fabricated by Optimized Selective Laser Melting: From Single and Multiple Scan Tracks to Bulk Parts, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2021, 96, p 105490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Y. Wang and J. Zhao, Numerical Simulations of Thermal Conductivity in Void-Containing Tungsten: Topological Feature of Voids, J. Nucl. Mater., 2021, 543, p 152601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was sponsored by the Guangdong Academy of Science Project of Science and Technology Development (2020GDASYL-20200103142, 2022GDASZH-2022010107) and Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project (202007020008, 202206040001), Guangdong Key Science and Technology Project (2018B090904004).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium and Rare Metals, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, Guangzhou, 510650, China

    Qi Shi, Wenhao Du, Feng Qin, Chong Tan, Khashayar Khanlari, Huanwen Xie & Xin Liu

  2. Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan, 411100, China

    Wenhao Du & Anru Wu

Authors
  1. Qi Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wenhao Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Feng Qin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chong Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Khashayar Khanlari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Huanwen Xie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xin Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Anru Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xin Liu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables

Table 3 The relative density of the samples produced by the LPBF process and after HIP treatments
Full size table

3,

Table 4 The microhardness of the samples produced by the LPBF process and after HIP treatments
Full size table

4 and

Table 5 The ultimate compressive strength of the samples produced by the LPBF process and after HIP treatments
Full size table

5

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shi, Q., Du, W., Qin, F. et al. Pure Tungsten Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Subsequent Hot Isostatic Pressing: Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Thermal Conductivity. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 32, 10910–10923 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07891-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07891-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation