Abstract
By means of microstructure observation, phase analysis and mechanical property tests, the effect of the quenching and tempering treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of CSS-42L bearing steel were studied. Results show that with the increase in solution temperature, the content of undissolved carbides decreased, and the grain size increased. However, when the solution temperature was higher than 1080°C, the content of undissolved carbides did not change obviously, but the grain size increased sharply. Therefore, 1080°C was chosen as the optimal solid solution temperature. As the tempering temperature increased, the hardness, the yield strength and the tensile strength of the steel increased, which reached the maximum values of 44.7 HRC, 1433.8 and 1811.9 MPa at 580°C, respectively. The elongation increased with the decrease in the tempering temperature, which reached the largest of 14.62% at 500°C, and the impact absorption energy was the highest of 38.72 J at this temperature. The changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of CSS-42L steel are closely related to the transformation of retained austenite and carbide precipitation behavior in the steel caused by different heat treatment regimes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.Y. Wang, P.K. Chu, B.Y. Tang, X.C. Zeng and X.F. Wang, Improvement of the Corrosion Property of Cr4Mo4V Bearing Steel using Plasma Immersion ion Implantation, Beam Interact. Mater. At., 1997, 127, p 1000–1003.
H. Bhadeshia, Steels for Bearings, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2012, 57(2), p 268–435.
E.V. Zaretsky, Rolling Bearing Steels – A Technical and Historical Perspective, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 28(1), p 58–69.
A. Bhattacharyya, G. Subhash and N. Arakere, Evolution of Subsurface Plastic Zone due to Rolling Contact Fatigue of M-50 NiL Case Hardened Bearing Steel, Int. J. Fatigue, 2014, 59, p 102–113.
H.S. Bhadeshia and H. Bhadeshia, Austenite Grain Size and the Martensite-Start Temperature, Scr. Mater., 2009, 60(7), p 493–495.
Z.H. Dong, D.S. Qian, F. Yin and F. Wang, Enhanced Impact Toughness of Previously Cold Rolled High-Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel with Rare Earth Addition, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2021, 30, p 8178–8187.
L.N. Zhou, G.Z. Tang, X.X. Ma, L.Q. Wang and X.H. Zhang, Relationship between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M50 Ultra-High Strength Steel via Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Process, Mater. Charact., 2018, 146, p 258–266.
Y. Su, J.X. Wang, X.F. Yu, S.J. Wang, Y.Z. Xia, L. Liu and J.L. Liu, Effect of Deep Tempering on Microstructure and Hardness of Carburized M50NiL Steel, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, 14, p 1080–1088.
Y.H. Wang, Z.N. Yang, F.C. Zhang, Y.M. Qin, X.B. Wang and B. Lv, Microstructures and Properties of a Novel Carburizing Nanobainitic Bearing Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2020, 777, p 139086–139106.
N. Xiao, W.J. Hui, Y.J. Zhang, X.L. Zhao, Y. Chen and H. Dong, High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Vacuum-Carburized 20Cr2Ni4 Steel with Different Case Depths, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28, p 3413–3422.
Y. Shen, S.M. Moghadam, F. Sadeghi, K. Paulson and R.W. Trice, Effect of Retained Austenite-Compressive Residual Stresses on Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of Carburized AISI 8620 Steel, Int. J. Fatigue., 2015, 75, p 135–144.
J. Jin and T. Shao, Effects of Single-and Dual-Element Ion Implantation on Tribomechanical Properties of Cronidur 30 Bearing Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2018, 344, p 303–311.
C. Zhang, L. Zhou, L. Xiang, X. Wu and Y. Liu, Reverse Transformation from Ferrite/Pearlite to Austenite and Its Influence on Structure Inheritance in Spring Steel 60Si2MnA, Steel Res. Int., 2014, 85(10), p 1453–1458.
Y.M. Qin, X.M. Li, B. Lv, X.Y. Long, Z.N. Yang, F.C. Zhang, Y.G. Li and L.L. You, Effect of Refined Cementite on the microstructure and Properties of Nanostructured Bainitic Bearing Steel, MATER. Sci. Eng. A., 2020, 797, p 140220–140228.
M. Hunkel, Tempering Effects of Athermal Martensite during Quenching, and Reheating of a SAE 52100 Bearing Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2020, 790, p 139601–139625.
Y.K. Lee, H.C. Shin, Y.C. Jang, S.H. Kim and C.S. Choi, Effect of Isothermal Transformation Temperature On Amount of Retained Austenite and its Thermal Stability in a Bainitic Fe–3%Si–0 45%C–X Steel, Scr. Mater., 2002, 47(12), p 805–809.
S.S. Babu, E.D. Specht, S.A. David, E. Karapetrova, P. Zschack, M. Peet and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, In-situ Observations of Lattice Parameter Fluctuations in Austenite and Transformation to Bainite, Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2005, 36, p 3281–3289.
Y.S. Wu, M.C. Zhang, X.S. Xie, F.S. Lin and S.Q. Zhao, Dynamic Recrystallization of a New Nickel-Based Alloy for 700 °C A-USC Power Plant Applications with Different Initial States: as-Homogenized and as-Forged, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2016, 662, p 283–295.
W.H. Huang, L.P. Lei and G. Fang, Microstructure Evolution of hot Work Tool Steel 5CrNiMoV Throughout Heating, Deformation and Quenching, Mater. Charact., 2020, 163, p 110307–110316.
S.A. Sani, H. Arabi and G.R. Ebrahimi, Hot Deformation Behavior and DRX Mechanism in a γ-γ~/ Cobalt-Based Superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., 2019, 764, p 138165–138211.
P. Streitenberger and D. Zollner, The Envelope of Size Distributions in Ostwald Ripening and Grain Growth, Acta Mater., 2015, 88, p 334–345.
H. Jafarian and E.E.A.N. BorhaniShibataTsuji, Variant Selection of Martensite Transformation from Ultrafine-Grained Austenite in Fe–Ni–C alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 577, p 668–672.
H.F. Lan, L.X. Du and R.D.K. Misra, Effect of Microstructural Constituents on Strength–Toughness Combination in a Low Carbon Bainitic Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2014, 611, p 194–200.
J.B. Ju, W.S. Kim and J.I. Jang, Variations in DBTT and CTOD Within Weld Heat-Affected Zone of API X65 Pipeline Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2012, 546, p 258–262.
G. Krauss, Martensite in Steel: Strength and Structure, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 1999, 273–275, p 40–57.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the Liaoning Educational Committee (LJ2019014). The opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, X., Shen, X., Wang, S. et al. Effect of Quenching and Tempering Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CSS-42L Bearing Steel. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 31, 5458–5466 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06677-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-06677-9