Abstract
Radial forging is one of the most advanced technologies in barrel forming. The residual stress and microstructure inhomogeneity greatly affect the performance of the radial forged tube. In this work, the effect of thickness reduction on residual stress, microhardness, dislocation density, grain boundary content, and grain size of the radial forged tubes was studied. The influence of thickness reduction on the unevenness of strength was analyzed. The results showed that the residual stress gradually changed from compressive stress of the internal tube to tensile stress of the external tube. With the increase in forging reduction, the axial residual stress decreased, whereas the hoop stress changed slightly. The internal microhardness of the radial forged tube was greater than the external microhardness. The larger the forging reduction, the smaller is the difference in microhardness between the inner and outer surfaces of the tube. The grain boundary content, local misorientation, and dislocation density of the inner surface were greater than those of the outer surface. The unevenness of strength was influenced mainly by dislocation density. The microstructure was homogeneous when forging reduction was large. A large forging reduction is beneficial to improving the performance of the radial forged tube.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Huang, C.D. Slater, A. Mandral and P. Blackwell, A Dynamic Model for Simulation of Hot Radial Forging Process, Procedia Eng., 2017, 207, p 478–483.
Y.Z. Yang, L.X. Fan, C. Xu and X.H. Dong, Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of 30SiMn2MoVA Steel Gun Barrel Processed by Cold Radial Forging, J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 2020, 143(1), p 011501.
E. Burn, J. Newkir, J. Castle and J. Creamer, Micro-slotting Residual Stress Measurement Technique for Understanding Fatigue Performance of Open-Hole Ti-6Al-4V Samples, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(9), p 5716–5724.
S. Ishkina, D. Charni and M. Herrmann, Influence of Process Fluctuations on Residual Stress Evolution in Rotary Swaging of Steel Tubes, Materials, 2019, 12(6), p 855.
J.I. Omale, E.G. Ohaeri, K.M. Mostafijur, J.A. Szpunar, F. Fateh and M. Arafin, Through-Thickness Inhomogeneity of Texture, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties After Rough and Finish Rolling Treatments in Hot-Rolled API 5L X70 Pipeline Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2020, 29(12), p 8130–8144.
F.J. Kalahroudi, A.R. Eivani, H.R. Jafarian, A. Amouri and R. Gholizadeh, Inhomogeneity in Strain, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA1050 Alloy During Twist Extrusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 667, p 349–357.
L.X. Fan, Z.G. Wang and H. Wang, 3D Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of Radial Forging Processes, J. Manuf. Process., 2014, 16(2), p 329–334.
Y.J. Wu and X.H. Dong, An Upper Bound Model with Continuous Velocity Field for Strain Inhomogeneity Analysis in Radial Forging Process, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2016, 115–116, p 385–391.
Y.J. Wu, X.H. Dong and Q. Yu, Upper Bound Analysis of Axial Metal Flow Inhomogeneity in Radial Forging Process, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2015, 93, p 102–110.
A. Ghaei, M.R. Movahhedy and A.K. Taheri, Study of the Effects of Die Geometry on Deformation in the Radial Forging Process, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 170(1–2), p 156–163.
A. Ghaei, M.R. Movahhedy and A.K. Taheri, Finite Element Modelling Simulation of Radial Forging of Tubes Without Mandrel, Mater. Des., 2008, 29(4), p 867–872.
M. Sanjari, A.K. Taheri and M.R. Movahedi, An Optimization Method for Radial Forging Process using ANN and Taguchi Method, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2009, 40(7–8), p 776–784.
M. Sanjari, P. Saidi and A.K. Taheri, Determination of Strain Field and Heterogeneity in Radial Forging of Tube Using Finite Element Method and Microhardness Test, Mater. Des., 2012, 38, p 147–153.
F.Y. Zhu, Z.H. Wang and M. Lv, Multi-objective Optimization Method of Precision Forging Process Parameters to Control the Forming Quality, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 83(9–12), p 1763–1771.
P.F. Gao, X.D. Li, H. Yang, X.G. Fang and Z.N. Lei, Influence of Die Parameters on the Deformation Inhomogeneity of Transitional Region During Local Loading Forming of Ti-alloy Rib-Web Component, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 90, p 2109–2119.
Y.Z. Yang, L.X. Fan and C. Xu, The Microstructure, Texture Evolution and Plasticity Anisotropy of 30SiMn2MoVA High Strength Alloy Steel Tube Processed by Cold Radial Forging, Mater. Charact., 2020, 169(235), p 110641.
R. Arreola-Herrera, A. Cruz, M.Á. Suárez-Rosales and R.G. Sánchez-Álvarado, The Effect of Cold Forming on Structure and Properties of 32 CDV 13 Steel by Radial Forging Process, Mat. Res., 2014, 17(2), p 445.
Z.L. Xiao, H. Liu and B.X. Liu, The Effect of Forming Parameter on Multi-stage Cold Forging with 20MnTiB Steel, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 83(5–8), p 1189.
S.V. Noor, R.A. Eivani, R.H. Jafarian and M. Mirzaei, Inhomogeneity in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties During Twist Extrusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 652, p 186–191.
W.S. Xu, J.H. Mo, J. Zhang, Y. Lian and P.F. Ji, Evolution of Residual Stress and Microstructure during Annealing of 30SiMn2MoVA High-Strength Alloy Steel Tube Processed by Cold Radial Forging, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2021, 30, p 5889.
D. Thibault, P. Bocher, M. Thomas, M. Gharghouri and M. Cote, Residual Stress Characterization in Low Transformation Temperature 13%Cr–4%Ni Stainless Steel Weld by Neutron Diffraction and the Contour Method, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527(23), p 6205–6210.
W. Woo, V.T. Em, B.S. Seong, P. Mikula and G.B. An, Residual Stress Determination in a Thick Ferritic Steel Weld Plate using Neutron Diffraction, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47(14), p 5617–5623.
S.M. Kamal, A.C. Borsaikia and U.S. Dixit, Experimental Assessment of Residual Stresses Induced by the Thermal Autofrettage of Thick-Walled Cylinders, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 2016, 51(2), p 144–160.
V.F. Skvortsov, A.O. Boznak, A.B. Kim, A.Y. Arlyapov and A.I. Dmitriev, Reduction of the Residual Stresses in Cold Expanded Thick-Walled Cylinders by Plastic Compression, Def. Technol., 2016, 12(6), p 473–479.
H.S. Lin, Y.C. Hsu and C.C. Keh, Inhomogeneous Deformation and Residual Stress in Skin-Pass Axisymmetric Drawing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 201(1–3), p 128–132.
Z. Zheng, Y. Yang, L. Liang, C. Bo and T. Hui, Assessment of Residual Stress of 7050–T7452 Aluminum Alloy Forging Using the Contour Method, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 644(644), p 61–68.
M.R. Goloujeh and M. Soltanpour, Simple Shear Forging as a Method for Severe Plastic Deformation, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf., 2021, 4(2), p 165–178.
Y. Lv, L. Wang, Y. Han, X. Xu and W. Lu, Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot Worked NiAl Bronze Alloy with Different Deformation Degree, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 643, p 17–24.
K. Zhang, K. Zhang, Y. Zhu, X. Wu and A. Huang, Effect of Deformation Reduction on Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of Forged Ti-6Al-4V, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2021, 30, p 1147–1156.
X. Guo, L. Wang, M. Wang, J. Qin, D. Zhang and W. Lu, Effects of Degree of Deformation on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Texture of Hybrid-Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, p 2656–2667.
O.G. Anatolii, A. Arkadii, A. Briukhanov, Z. Briukhanova and M. Schaper, Evolution of Microstructure, Properties and Texture of a Two-Phase Low-Carbon Steel at Cold Asymmetric Rolling, Steel Res. Int., 2017, 88, p 1600397.
M. Shamsujjoha, S.R. Agnew, J.M. Fitz-Gerald, W.R. Moore and T.A. Newman, High Strength and Ductility of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Explained, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, 49, p 3011–3027.
J.K. Hwang, The Microstructure Dependence of Drawability in Ferritic, Pearlitic, and TWIP Steels During Wire Drawing, J. Mater. Sci., 2019, 54, p 8743–8759.
X. Gao, H.B. Wu, M. Liu, Y.X. Zhang and X.D. Zhou, Effect of Thickness Reduction on Microstructure and Properties of Rolled C71500 Cupronickel Alloy Tube, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2021, 30, p 3273–3283.
A.A. Mamun, R.J. Moat, J. Kelleher and P.J. Bouchard, Origin of the Bauschinger Effect in a Polycrystalline Material, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 707, p 576–584.
R.K. Lal, V.K. Choubey, S. Dwivedi, J.P. Dwivedi and V.P. Singh, Residual Stress analysis of Linear Work- Hardening Materials under Torsional Loading, Mater. Today: Proc., 2017, 4(2), p 857–862.
N. Singh, G. Casillas, D. Wexler, C. Killmore and E. Pereloma, Application of Advanced Experimental Techniques to Elucidate the Strengthening Mechanisms Operating in Microalloyed Ferritic Steels with Interphase Precipitation, Acta Mater., 2020, 201(9), p 386–402.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, W., Yang, J., Ji, P. et al. Effect of Thickness Reduction on Residual Stress and Microstructure Inhomogeneity of Radial Forged Ni-Cr-Mo High-Strength Steel Tube. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 31, 5130–5138 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06575-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-06575-6