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Thermodynamic Calculation and Characterization of Carbide Precipitation in Laser-Deposited Material for High-Speed Steel Alloy

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Abstract

The laser cladding of the T15 high-speed steel (HSS) was accomplished and its typical microstructure was determined. The microstructure characterization of the clad layer showed three phases of microstructure, planar, cellular and equiaxed growth zones. Electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) showed high content in alloying elements at the cellular and equiaxed zones that contained V, C, Cr and W. Further, the analysis at the inter-granular zone presented the highest concentration in elements such as Mo, Cr and W. This showed the presence of carbides which were identified as MCI and M6C at the cellular zone, and M7C3 and M23C6 at the equiaxed and inter-granular zones. The precipitation characterization along the line starting from the substrate and passing through the clad layer identified the austenite matrix and revealed the fluctuation in the alloying elements content, where its amplitude and count increased while passing through the planar zone and hitting the equiaxed zone. Equilibrium phase diagram thermodynamic calculation proved the presence of MCI, M6C and M23C6 which precipitated respectively as the solidification proceeded. The M6C carbide was rich in Fe and W with the presence of V and Cr. MCI carbide had high content of C and V also with dissolved content of W and Cr. Finally, M23C6 carbide contained high amounts of W, Cr and Mo. Scheil–Gulliver simulation model showed the presence of M6C and MCI similar to the equilibrium phase diagram results, additionally, two carbides were revealed and identified as M7C3 and MCII carbides. The M23C6 was absent from the Scheil–Gulliver model. This is due to the assumption that in the Scheil–Gulliver model, the solid stage has no diffusion, and the M23C6 was proved to precipitate in later stages of solidification as shown in the equilibrium phase diagram results. Finally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) showcased the presence of the carbides predicted from the equilibrium phase diagram.

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Acknowledgments

This Research was funded by U1537202 & 51828502 supported by the NSFC and National Security Major Basic Research Program of China (61328302). Data required to reproduce these findings are available upon request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Tribology & Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Ali Jammal, Gang Wang & Hanbo Yang

  2. Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Ali Jammal & Yiming Rong

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA

    Songge Yang & Yu Zhong

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  1. Ali Jammal
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  2. Gang Wang
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  3. Hanbo Yang
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Correspondence to Gang Wang.

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Jammal, A., Wang, G., Yang, H. et al. Thermodynamic Calculation and Characterization of Carbide Precipitation in Laser-Deposited Material for High-Speed Steel Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 30, 1825–1837 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05497-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05497-7

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