Abstract
Dissimilar friction stir welding of 304 austenitic stainless steel and 430 ferritic stainless steel was performed by using staggered butt joint configuration. Under proper heat input, welding experiments were carried out to study the effect of tooth dimension on material flow, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the joint. The results indicate that the material flow tends to improve with reduced the tooth width. However, when the tooth width is reduced to 1 mm, the mixing degree of base metals in stir zone becomes worse due to the lack of softened metal. It is noted that joint 2 with a tooth width of 2 mm is characterized by river pattern and shows various flow directions in different regions of the stir zone. This pattern is formed by the mixed structure of austenite and ferrite with various grain sizes. Joint 2 presents the maximum tensile strength in all specimens and failed in the ferritic base metal.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.R. Berretta, W.D. Rossi, M.D.M.D. Neves, I.A.D. Almeida, and N.D.V. Junior, Pulsed Nd: YAG Laser Welding of AISI, 304 to AISI, 420 Stainless Steel, Opt. Laser Eng., 2007, 45(9), p 960–966
R.L. Klueh and J.F. King, Austenitic Stainless Steel-Ferritic Steel Weld Joint Failures, Weld. Res., 1982, 61(9), p S302–S311
S. Aguilar, R. Tabares, and C. Serna, Microstructural Transformations of Dissimilar Austenite-Ferrite Stainless Steels Welded Joints, J. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2013, 1, p 65–68
R. Ghasemi, B. Beidokhti, and M. Fazel-najafabadi, Effect of Delta Ferrite on The Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Ferritic-Autenitic Stainless Steel Welds, Arch. Metall. Mater., 2018, 63(1), p 437–443
X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y.D. Wu, S.S. Ao, and Z. Luo, Effects of Melting-Mixing Ratio on the Interfacial Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2019, 8(3), p 2649–2661
W.M. Thomas, E.D. Nicholas, J.C. Needham, M.G. Murch, P. Temple-Smith, and C.J. Dawes, GB Patent Application No. 9125978.8, 1991
S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa, K. Okamoto, S. Hirano, and M. Inagaki, Rapid Formation of the Sigma Phase in 304 Stainless Steel during Friction Stir Welding, Scripta Mater., 2003, 49, p 1175–1180
S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa, K. Okamoto, S. Hirano, and M. Inagaki, Microstructural Characterization of Stir Zone Containing Residual Ferrite in Friction Stir Welded 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2005, 10(5), p 550–556
H. Kokawa, S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, K. Okamoto, S. Hirano, and M. Inagaki, Microstructures in Friction Stir Welded 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel, Weld. J., 2005, 49, p 34–40
C. Meran and O.E. Canyurt, Joint Strength of Friction Stir Welded AISI, 304 Austenitic Stainless Steels, Int. J. Mater. Res., 2013, 104(12), p 1197–1204
S. Sabooni, F. Karimzadeh, M.H. Enayati, and A.H.W. Ngan, Recrystallisation Mechanism during Friction Stir Welding of Ultrafine- and Coarse-Grained AISI, 304L Stainless Steel, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2015, 21(4), p 287–294
M. Hajian, A. Abdollah-Zadeh, S.S. Rezaei-Nejad, H. Assadi, S.M.M. Hadavi, K. Chung, and M. Shokouhimehr, Improvement in Cavitation Erosion Resistance of AISI, 316L Stainless Steel by Friction Stir Processing, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2014, 308, p 184–192
M. Hajian, A. Abdollah-Zadeh, S.S. Rezaei-Nejad, H. Assadi, S.M.M. Hadavi, K. Chung, and M. Shokouhimehr, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed AISI, 316L Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2015, 67, p 82–94
A.K. Lakshminarayanan and V. Balasubramanian, Understanding the Parameters Controlling Friction Stir Welding of AISI, 409 M Ferritic Stainless Steel, Metals Mater. Int., 2011, 17(6), p 969–981
A.K. Lakshminarayanan and V. Balasubramanian, Sensitization Resistance of Friction Stir Welded AISI, 409 M Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 59, p 961–967
J. Han, H. Li, Z. Zhu, F. Barbaro, L. Jiang, H. Xu, and L. Ma, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 18Cr-2Mo Ferritic Stainless Steel Thick Plate, Mater. Des., 2014, 63, p 238–246
M.B. Bilgin, C. Meran, and O.E. Canyurt, Optimization of Strength of Friction Stir Welded Joints for AISI, 430 Ferritic Stainless Steels by Genetic Algorithm, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 77, p 2221–2233
T.F.A. Santos, E.A. Torres, J.C. Lippold, and A.J. Ramirez, Detailed Microstructural Characterization and Restoration Mechanisms of Duplex and Superduplex Stainless Steel Friction-Stir-Welded Joints, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 5173–5188
T.F.D.A. Santos, E.A. Torres, and A.J. Ramirez, Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Stainless Steels, Soldagem Insp., 2016, 21, p 59–69
T.F.A. Santos, R.R. Marinho, M.T.P. Paes, and A.J. Ramirez, Microstructure Evaluation of UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Friction Stir Welds, Rem Rev. Esc. Minas, 2013, 66, p 187–191
H. Uzun, C.D. Donne, A. Argagnotto, T. Ghidini, and C. Gambaro, Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Al 6013-T4 to X5CrNi18-10 Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2005, 26, p 41–46
M. Sahin, Joining of Stainless-Steel and Aluminium Materials by Friction Welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2009, 41, p 487–497
M. Ghosh, R.K. Gupta, and M.M. Husain, Friction Stir Welding of Stainless Steel to Al Alloy: Effect of Thermal Condition on Weld Nugget Microstructure, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45(2), p 854–863
M. Habibnia, M. Shakeri, S. Nourouzi, and M.K. Besharati Givi, Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 5050 Al Alloy and 304 Stainless Steel Plates, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 76, p 819–829
Y.N. Wei, J.L. Li, J.T. Xiong, F. Huang, and F.S. Zhang, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy and Stainless Steel Weld-Joint Made by Friction Stir Lap Welding, Mater. Des., 2012, 33, p 111–114
V. Shokri, A. Sadeghi, and M.H. Sadeghi, Effect of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of DSS-Cu Joints, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 693, p 111–120
N. Arivazhagan, S. Singh, S. Prakash, and G.M. Reddy, An Assessment of Hardness, Impact Strength, and Hot Corrosion Behaviour of Friction-Welded Dissimilar Weldments Between AISI, 4140 and AISI, 304, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2008, 39, p 679–689
M. Mondal, H. Das, E.Y. Ahn, S.T. Hong, M.J. Kim, and H.N. Han, Characterization of Friction Stir Welded Joint of Low Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel and Modified Ferritic Stainless Steel, Metals Mater. Int., 2017, 23(5), p 948–957
R.S. Mishra and Z.Y. Ma, Friction Stir Welding and Processing, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2005, 50, p 1–78
T. DebRoy and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys—A Perspective, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2010, 15(4), p 266–270
M.C. Theodoro, V.F. Pereira, P.R. Mei, and A.J. Ramirez, Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding between UNS S31603 Austenitic Stainless Steel and UNS S32750 Superduplex Stainless Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, 46(3), p 1440–1447
H.N.B. Schmidt, T.L. Dickerson, and J.H. Hattel, Material Flow in Butt Friction Stir Welds in AA2024-T3, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, p 1199–1209
T.G. Gooch, Corrosion Behavior of Welded Stainless Steel, Weld. J., 1996, 75(5), p 135s–154s
A.K. Lakshminarayanan and V. Balasubramanian, Characteristics of Laser Beam and Friction Stir Welded AISI, 409 M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21, p 530–539
A.L. Schaeffler, Constitution Diagram for Stainless Steel Weld Metal, Metal Progr., 1949, 56(11), p 680–680B
H.B. Li, Z.H. Jiang, H. Feng, S.C. Zhang, L. Li, P.D. Han, R.D.K. Misra, and J.Z. Li, Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Friction Stir Welded High Nitrogen Nickel-free Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Des., 2015, 84, p 291–299
J. Verma and R.V. Taiwade, Effect of Austenitic and Austeno-Ferritic Electrodes on 2205 Duplex and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 4706–4717
D.W. Rathod, S. Pandey, P.K. Singh, and R. Prasad, Experimental Analysis of Dissimilar Metal Weld Joint: Ferritic to Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 693, p 111–120
M. Ghosh, R. Santosh, S.K. Das, G. Das, B. Mahato, J. Korody, S. Kumar, and P.K. Singh, Effect of Structural Heterogeneity on In Situ Deformation of Dissimilar Weld Between Ferritic and Austenitic Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2015, 46(8), p 3555–3568
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51475232). This is a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Guo, G., Shen, Y. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels Using Staggered Joint Configuration. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 5263–5272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05037-9
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05037-9