Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impacts of Machining and Heat Treating Practices on Residual Stresses in Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Machining and thermal processing can introduce undesirable residual stresses and distortion in titanium alloy components, and although the distribution and magnitude of these residual stresses is highly relevant for component and process design in the aerospace industry, the relationships between processing variables, processing steps, residual stress signature, and subsurface microstructures are not well understood. The current study reports on the preliminary results of experiments designed to mimic typical machining and thermal processing practices for aerospace alpha-beta Ti alloys. Traditional climb cutting and high-speed peel cutting operations are included in CNC machining experiments, and both solution treating and aging heat treatments are considered for thermal processing experiments. Characterization of samples includes strain measurement using the sin2ψ and cosine α methods with x-ray diffraction as well as microstructural characterization using traditional metallographic techniques. The results of this study show a large tool-path dependence for residual stresses in machined surfaces as well as a significant difference in the residual stress behavior for solution treated and quenched compared to solution treated and aged samples of Ti 6Al-4V alloy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. E.O. Ezugwa and Z.M. Wang, Titanium Alloys and Their Machinability—A Review, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, 68, p 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(96)00030-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Denis, P. Archambault, E. Gautier, A. Simon, and G. Beck, Prediction of Residual Stress and Distortion of Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals: Current Status and Future Developments, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2002, 11(1), p 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-002-0014-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. D.J. Maykuth, Residual Stresses, Stress Relief, and Annealing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Defense Metals Information Center Report, S-23 (1968), http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015095158153. Accessed 20 Aug 2019

  4. V. Krishnaraj, S. Samsudeensadham, R. Sindhumathi, and P. Kuppan, A Study on High Speed End Milling of Titanium Alloy, Proc. Eng., 2014, 97, p 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. Liu, Effects of Rotary Ultrasonic Elliptical Machining for Side Milling on the Surface Integrity of Ti-6Al-4 V, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2019, 101, p 1451–1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2847-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. D.M. Madyira, R.F. Laubscher, N. Janse van Rensburg, and P.F.J. Henning, High Speed Machining Induced Residual Stresses in Grade 5 Titanium Alloy, J. Mater.: Des. Appl., 2012, 227(3), p 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420712462319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. D. Nespor, B. Denkena, T. Grove, and V. Böß, Differences and Similarities Between the Induced Residual Stresses After Ball End Milling and Orthogonal Cutting of Ti-6Al-4V, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 226, p 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.06.033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Sun and Y.B. Guo, A Comprehensive Experimental Study on Surface Integrity by End Milling Ti-6Al-4V, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209, p 4036–4042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.09.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Y. Changfeng, W. Daoxia, T. Liang, R. Junxue, S. Kaining, and Y. Zhenchao, Effects of Cutting Parameters on Surface Residual Stress and its Mechanism in High-Speed Milling of TB6, J. Eng. Manuf., 2013, 227(4), p 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405413475771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Köhler, T. Grove, O. Maiß, and B. Denkena, Residual Stresses in Milled Titanium Parts, Proc. CIRP, 2012, 2, p 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2012.05.044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Liang, J. Ren, Y. Luo, and D. Zhang, Effects of Cutting Parameters on Residual Stresses in High-Speed Milling of Ti-17, Adv. Mater. Res., 2013, 834–836, p 861–865. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.834-836.861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. B.R. Sridhar, Effect of Machining Parameters and Heat Treatment on the Residual Stress Distribution in Titanium Alloy IMI-834, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 139, p 628–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00612-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. M.J. Donachie, Jr., Titanium—A Technical Guide, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  14. H. Chandler, Heat Treater’s Guide—Practices and Procedures for Nonferrous Alloys, ASM International, Materials Park, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  15. F.F. Schmidt and R.A. Wood, Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium Alloys. NASA Technical Memorandum. Report No. NASA-TM-X-53445, RSIC-493 (1966), https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19660015720. Accessed 20 Aug 2019

  16. M.J. Donachie, Jr., Heat Treating Titanium and its Alloys, Heat Treat. Prog., 2001, 1, p 47–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kennametal, First Choice English Inch Catalog, p B178 (2019), http://catalogs.kennametal.com/First-Choice-English-Inch/. Accessed 20 Aug 2019

  18. C. Murry and C. Noyan, Applied and residual stress determination using x-ray diffraction, Practical Residual Stress Measurement Methods, G. Schajer, Ed., Wiley, West Sussex, 2013, p 139–161

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. P.S. Prevy, X-ray diffraction residual stress techniques, in Metals Handbook, vol. 10 (ASM International, Materials Park, 1986), pp. 380–392

  20. M.E. Fitzpatrick, A.T. Fry, P. Holdway, F.A. Kandil, J. Shackleton, and L. Suominen, Determination of Residual Stresses by X-Ray Diffraction—Issue 2, in Measurement Good Practice Guide No. 52 (National Physical Laboratory, Middlesex, 2005)

  21. F.H. Froes, Titanium—Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications, ASM International, Materials Park, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  22. L. Zeng and T.R. Bieler, Effects of Working, Heat Treatment, and Aging on Microstructural Evolution and Crystallographic Texture of α, α′, α″ and β Phases in Ti-6Al-4V Wire, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2005, 392, p 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.09.072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their gratitude to Whitcraft LLC. for Granting permission to use their resources. In addition, we thank Peter Glaude of the UConn Castleman Machine Shop, Matt Beebe of the UConn Institute of Materials Science Machine Shop, Dr. Daniela Morales Acosta and Kevin Zhang for their assistance with access to the Rigaku SmartLab instrument, Toshikazu Suzuki at Pulstec for the loan of an X-360 x-ray Analyzer, and UTC Pratt & Whitney for providing technical feedback during the course of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Lesley D. Frame, Indranie Rambarran, Kevin Sala & Cameron Sanders

Authors
  1. Lesley D. Frame
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Indranie Rambarran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kevin Sala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cameron Sanders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lesley D. Frame.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Frame, L.D., Rambarran, I., Sala, K. et al. Impacts of Machining and Heat Treating Practices on Residual Stresses in Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 3626–3637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04843-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04843-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation