Abstract
The FeCoCrAlNiTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings modified by CeO2 were synthesized on 304 stainless steel substrate with Co-Cr-Al-Ni-Ti-xCeO2 powders by laser high-entropy alloying. The phase composition, microstructure and nano-mechanical and wear properties of FeCoCrAlNiTi-based HEAs were investigated by performing XRD, SEM, EBSD, nanoindentation testing and wear resistance tests. The results displayed that the FeCoCrAlNiTi-xCeO2 HEA coating only had simple FCC and BCC solid solution phases. The microstructure of the FeCoCrAlNiTi-xCeO2 exhibited typical dendrite and interdendritic structures, and the addition of CeO2 resulted in the refined microstructure of the alloyed coating. It was found that BCC phase structure predominantly distributed at the grain boundaries in the HEAs. For the 1 wt.% CeO2 adding HEA, the ratios of the hardness (H) and elastic modulus (E) were much higher than that of FeCoCrAlNiTi HEA coating, indicating that it had the satisfactory property for resistance to scoring and plastic deformation. The wear mechanisms were abrasive, oxidation and adhesive. Among of the three samples, FeCoCrAlNiTi-1 wt.% CeO2 HEA coating displayed the best wear resistance, and the specific wear rate and wear volume loss were 2.748 × 10–5 mm3/N m and 3.71 × 106 μm3, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, S.J. Lin, J.Y. Gan, T.S. Chin, T.T. Shun, C.H. Tsau, and S.Y. Chang, Nanostructured High-Entropy Alloys with Multiple Principal Elements: Novel Alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes. Adv. Eng. Mater 6, 299–303 (2004)
Z.Z. Li, S.T. Zhao, R.O. Ritchie, and M.A. Meyers, Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloys with Emphasis on Face-Centered Cubic Alloys. Prog. Mater. Sci. 102, 296–345 (2019)
H. Cheng, X.Q. Liu, Q.H. Tang, W.G. Wang, X.H. Yan, and P.Q. Dai, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of FeCoCrNiMnAlx High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Hot-Pressed Sintering. J. Alloys Compd. 775, 742–751 (2019)
Z.P. Tong, X.D. Ren, J.F. Jiao, W.F. Zhou, Y.P. Ren, Y.X. Ye, E.A. Larson, and J.Y. Gu, Laser Additive Manufacturing of FeCrCoMnNi High-Entropy Alloy, Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Residual Stress and Mechanical Property. J. Alloys Compd. 785, 1144–1159 (2019)
A. Shabani, and M.R. Toroghinejad, Investigation of Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of FeCrCuMnNi Multiphase High Entropy Alloy During Recrystallization. Mater. Charact. 154, 253–263 (2019)
X.W. Qiu, and C.G. Liu, Microstructure and Properties of Al2CrFeCoCuTiNix High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Laser Cladding. J. Alloys Compd. 553, 216–220 (2013)
H. Zhang, Y. Pan, and Y.Z. He, Synthesis and Characterization of FeCoNiCrCu High-Entropy Alloy Coating by Laser Cladding. Mater. Des. 32, 1910–1915 (2011)
Y.K. Lv, R.Y. Hu, Z.H. Yao, J. Chen, D.P. Xu, Y. Liu, and X.H. Fan, Cooling Rate Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlxCoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys. Mater. Des. 132, 392–399 (2017)
E. Abbasi, and K. Dehghani, Effect of Nb-C Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeMnNi High Entropy Alloys During Homogenisation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 753, 224–231 (2019)
Z.M. Li, Interstitial Equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloys: Carbon Content, Microstructure, and Compositional Homogeneity Effects on Deformation Behavior. Acta Mater. 164, 400–412 (2019)
L.J. Chen, K. Bobzin, Z. Zhou, L.D. Zhao, M. Öte, T. Königstein, Z. Tan, and D.Y. He, Wear Behavior of HVOF-Sprayed Al0.6TiCrFeCoNi High Entropy Alloy Coatings at Different Temperatures. Surf. Coat. Technol. 358, 215–222 (2019)
C.Y. Hsu, T.S. Sheu, J.W. Yeh, and S.K. Chen, Effect of Iron Content on Wear Behavior of AlCoCrFexMo0.5Ni High-Entropy Alloys. Wear 268, 653–659 (2010)
Y.J. Zhou, Y. Zhang, T.N. Kim, and G.L. Chen, Microstructure Characterizations and Strengthening Mechanism of Multi-principal Component AlCoCrFeNiTi0.5, Solid Solution Alloy with Excellent Mechanical Properties. Mater. Lett. 62, 2673–2676 (2008)
C.L. Wu, S. Zhang, C.H. Zhang, H. Zhang, and S.Y. Dong, Phase Evolution and Cavitation Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of FeCoCrAlNiTix High Entropy Alloy Coatings on 304 Stainless Steel by Laser Surface Alloying. J. Alloys Compd. 698, 761–770 (2017)
J. Liu, H. Liu, P.J. Chen, and J.B. Hao, Microstructural Characterization and Corrosion Behaviour of AlCoCrFeNiTix High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding. Surf. Coat. Technol. 361, 63–74 (2019)
S.Y. Jiang, Z.F. Lin, H.M. Xu, and Y.X. Sun, Studies on the microstructure and properties of AlxCoCrFeNiTi1−x high entropy alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 741, 826–833 (2017)
C.T. Kwok, H.C. Man, F.T. Cheng, and K.H. Lo, Developments in Laser-Based Surface Engineering Processes: With Particular Reference to Protection Against Cavitation Erosion. Surf. Coat. Technol. 291, 189–204 (2016)
J. Joseph, N. Haghdadi, K. Shamlaye, P. Hodgson, M. Barnett, and D. Fabijanic, The Sliding Wear Behaviour of CoCrFeMnNi and AlxCoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys at Elevated Temperatures. Wear 428, 32–44 (2019)
X.W. Qiu, Y.P. Zhang, and C.G. Liu, Effect of Ti Content on Structure and Properties of Al2CrFeNiCoCuTix High-Entropy Alloy Coatings. J. Alloys Compd. 585, 282–286 (2014)
A.A. Siddiqui, A.K. Dubey, and C.P. Paul, A Study of Metallurgy and Erosion in Laser Surface Alloying of AlxCu0.5FeNiTi High Entropy Alloy. Surf. Coat. Technol. 361, 27–34 (2019)
D. Vallauri, I.C. Atías Adrián, and A. Chrysanthou, TiC-TiB Composites: A Review of Phase Relationships, Processing and Properties. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28, 1697–1713 (2008)
H. Zhang, Y. Zou, Z.D. Zou, and C.W. Shi, Effects of CeO2 on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of TiC-VC Reinforced Fe-Based Laser Cladding Layers. J. Rare Earths 32, 1096–1100 (2014)
S.T. Sun, H.G. Fu, X.L. Ping, X.Y. Guo, J. Lin, Y.P. Lei, W.B. Wu, and J.X. Zhou, Effect of CeO2 Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of in-situ (Ti, Nb)C/Ni Coating. Surf. Coat. Technol. 359, 300–313 (2019)
Y.N. Liu, R.L. Sun, W. Niu, T.G. Zhang, and Y.W. Lei, Effects of CeO2 on Microstructure and Properties of TiC/Ti2Ni Reinforced Ti-Based Laser Cladding Composite Coatings. Opt. Laser Eng. 120, 84–94 (2019)
T.K. Mishra, A. Kumar, S.K. Sinha, and B. Gupta, Wear Behavior and XRD Analysis of Reinforced Copper Matrix Composite Reinforced with Cerium Oxide (CeO2). Mater. Today: Proc. 5, 27786–27794 (2018)
S. Zhang, C.L. Wu, C.H. Zhang, M. Guan, and J.Z. Tan, Laser Surface Alloying of FeCoCrAlNi High-Entropy Alloy on 304 Stainless Steel to Enhance Corrosion and Cavitation Erosion Resistance. Opt. Laser Technol. 84, 23–31 (2016)
B. He, N.N. Zhang, D.Y. Lin, Y. Zhang, F.Y. Dong, and D.Y. Li, The Phase Evolution and Property of FeCoCrNiAlTix High-Entropy Alloying Coatings on Q253 Via Laser Cladding. Coatings 7, 157 (2017)
Y.J. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y.L. Wang, and G.L. Chen, Solid Solution Alloys of AlCoCrFeNiTix with Excellent Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 1–3 (2007)
Q.C. Fan, B.S. Li, and Y. Zhang, Influence of Al and Cu Elements on the Microstructure and Properties of (FeCrNiCo)AlxCuy High-Entropy Alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 614, 203–210 (2014)
Q.C. Fan, B.S. Li, and Y. Zhang, The Microstructure and Properties of (FeCrNiCo)AlxCuy High-Entropy Alloys and their TiC-Reinforced Composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 598, 244–250 (2014)
M. Zhang, X.H. Wang, K.L. Qu, and S.S. Liu, Effect of Rare Earth Oxide on Microstructure and High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Laser Cladding Coatings on 5CrNiMo Die Steel Substrate. Opt. Laser Technol. 119, 105597 (2019)
X.F. Li, Y.H. Feng, B. Liu, D.H. Yi, X.H. Yang, W.D. Zhang, G. Chen, Y. Liu, and P.K. Bai, Influence of NbC Particles on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Prepared by Laser Cladding. J. Alloys Compd. 788, 485–494 (2019)
C.L. Wang, Y. Gao, R. Wang, D.Q. Wei, M. Cai, and Y.K. Fu, Microstructure of Laser-Clad Ni60 Cladding Layers Added with Different Amounts of Rare-Earth Oxides on 6063 Al Alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 740, 1099–1107 (2018)
H. Ye, X.B. Zhang, Z.F. Xue, Y.H. Fan, and K. Chen, Effect of CeO2 on Microstructure and Properties of WC/Ni60 Coating by Laser Cladding. Adv. Mater. Res. 79, 795–798 (2009)
T. Chen, F. Wu, H.J. Wang, and D.F. Liu, Laser Cladding In-Situ Ti(C, N) Particles Reinforced Ni-Based Composite Coatings Modified with CeO2 Nanoparticles. Metals 8, 601 (2018)
L.M. Wang, Q. Lin, L.J. Yue, L. Liu, F. Guo, and F.M. Wang, Study of Application of Rare Earth Elements in Advanced Low Alloy Steels. J. Alloys Compd. 451, 534–537 (2008)
Y.K. Kim, J. Choe, and K.A. Lee, Selective Laser Melted Equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi High-Entropy Alloy: Microstructure, Anisotropic Mechanical Response, and Multiple Strengthening Mechanism. J. Alloys Compd. 805, 680–691 (2019)
S. Bontha, N.W. Klingbeil, P.A. Kobryn, and H.L. Fraser, Thermal Process Maps for Predicting Solidification Microstructure in Laser Fabrication of Thin-Wall Structures. J. Mat. Process. Technol. 178, 135–142 (2006)
J.X. Hou, X.H. Shi, J.W. Qiao, Y. Zhang, P.K. Liaw, and Y.C. Wu, Ultrafine-Grained Dual Phase Al0.45CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys. Mater. Des. 180, 107910 (2019)
J.N. Li, C.Z. Chen, D.G. Wang, and W. Li, Microstructures and Wear Properties of YPSZ/CeO2 Reinforced Composites Deposited by Laser Cladding. Compos. Part B 43, 896–901 (2012)
D.G. Wang, C.Z. Chen, J. Ma, and T.Q. Lei, Microstructure of Yttric Calcium Phosphate Bioceramic Coatings Synthesized by Laser Cladding. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 4016–4020 (2007)
B. Gwalani, V. Soni, M. Lee, S.A. Mantri, Y. Ren, and R. Banerjee, Optimizing the Coupled Effects of Hall-Petch and Precipitation Strengthening in a Al0.3CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy. Mater. Des. 121, 254–260 (2017)
H.Y. Yasuda, H. Miyamoto, K. Cho, and T. Nagase, Formation of Ultrafine-Grained Microstructure in Al0.3CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloys with Grain Boundary Precipitates. Mater. Lett. 199, 120–123 (2017)
N. Kikuchi, M. Kitagawa, A. Sato, E. Kusano, H. Nanto, and A. Kinbara, Elastic and Plastic Energies in Sputtered Multilayered Ti-TiN Films Estimated by Nanoindentation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 126, 131–135 (2000)
J. Musil, F. Kunc, H. Zeman, and H. Poláková, Relationships Between Hardness, Young’s Modulus and Elastic Recovery in Hard Nanocomposite Coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 154, 304–313 (2002)
P.F. Zhou, D.H. Xiao, G. Li, and M. Song, Nanoindentation Creep Behavior of CoCrFeNiMn High-Entropy Alloy under Different High-Pressure Torsion Deformations. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 28, 2620–2629 (2009)
J.B. Cheng, D. Liu, X.B. Liang, and Y.X. Chen, Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of in situ Synthesized TiC-TiB2/CoCrCuFeNi High Entropy Alloy Coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 281, 109–116 (2015)
H. Zhang, C.H. Zhang, Q. Wang, C.L. Wu, S. Zhang, J. Chen, and A.O. Abdullah, Effect of Ni Content on Stainless Steel Fabricated by Laser Melting Deposition. Opt. Laser Technol. 101, 363–371 (2018)
L.M. Du, L.W. Lan, S. Zhu, H.J. Yang, X.H. Shi, P.K. Liaw, and J.W. Qiao, Effects of Temperature on the Tribological Behavior of Al0.25CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35, 917–925 (2019)
H.J. Wang, T. Chen, W.L. Cong, and D.F. Liu, Laser Cladding of Ti-Based Ceramic Coatings on Ti6Al4V Alloy: Effects of CeO2 Nanoparticles Additive on Wear Performance. Coatings 9, 109 (2019)
M.Y. Seok, I.C. Choi, J. Moon, S. Kim, U. Ramamurty, and J.I. Jang, Estimation of the Hall-Petch Strengthening Coefficient of Steels Through Nanoindentation. Scripta Mater. 87, 49–52 (2014)
X. Li, C.H. Zhang, S. Zhang, C.L. Wu, J.B. Zhang, and A.O. Abdullah, Design, Preparation, Microstructure and Properties of Novel Wear-Resistant Stainless Steel-Base Composites Using Laser Melting Deposition. Vaccum 165, 139–147 (2019)
S. Zhang, C.L. Wu, J.Z. Yi, and C.H. Zhang, Synthesis and Characterization of FeCoCrAlCu High-Entropy Alloy Coating by Laser Surface Alloying. Surf. Coat. Technol. 262, 64–69 (2015)
H. Liu, J. Liu, P.J. Chen, and H.F. Yang, Microstructure and High Temperature Wear Behaviour of in-situ TiC Reinforced AlCoCrFeNi-Based High-Entropy Alloy Composite Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding. Opt. Laser Technol. 118, 140–150 (2019)
X.L. Ji, H. Alavi, S.P. Harimkar, and Y.T. Zhang, Sliding Wear of Spark Plasma Sintered CrFeCoNiCu High-Entropy Alloy Coatings: Effect of Aluminum Addition. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 27, 5815–5822 (2018)
C. Huang, Y.Z. Zhang, R. Vilar, and J.Y. Shen, Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Laser clad TiVCrAlSi High Entropy alloy Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate. Mater Des. 41, 338–343 (2012)
L.B. Wang, M. Chen, H.B. Liu, C.H. Jiang, V. Ji, and F. Moreira, Optimisation of Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Ti Composite Coatings by the Addition of CeO2 Nanoparticles. Surf. Coat. Technol. 331, 196–205 (2017)
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge to the financial support for this research from National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB1100204), Key Research Project from Science and Technology Commission of Liaoning Province (No. 2018106004) and Shenyang Science and Technology Funded Project (Nos. 19-109-1-03, Z18-5-012, 18-004-1-16).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, P.F., Zhang, C.H., Wu, C.L. et al. Microstructure and Properties of CeO2-Modified FeCoCrAlNiTi High-Entropy Alloy Coatings by Laser Surface Alloying. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 1346–1355 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04621-3
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04621-3