Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quantitative Analysis of Strengthening Effect Contributed by Microstructure Characteristics in Pure Titanium Consolidated by Severe Plastic Deformation

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chips of commercial pure titanium (ASTM Grade 2) were consolidated into fully dense bulk material by severe plastic deformation (in the form of multi-pass equal channel angular pressing). The strengthening effect (as contributed by microstructure characteristics) was quantitatively analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction and mechanical tests. The effects of grain parameters (e.g., grain size and grain orientation) on yield strength and the Vickers micro-hardness were analyzed by the Hall–Petch relationship. The tensile curve of the consolidated sample was modeled by the Ludwik–Hollomon equation. The strain-hardening of the consolidated titanium was analyzed by the Taylor formula and the Kocks–Mecking equation. The theoretical analysis is consistent with the experimental results obtained from microstructure characterization and mechanical testing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. T. Aizawa, K. Halada, T.G. Gutowski, Critical Issues in Promotion of Environmentally Benign Manufacturing and Materials Processing. Mater. Trans. 43(3), 390–396 (2002)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. P. Luo, Development of High Ductility and Adequate Strength in Pure Titanium Recycled from Chips by Multi-Pass Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Mater. Trans. 59(1), 53–60 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Estrin, A. Vinogradov, Extreme Grain Refinement by Severe Plastic Deformation: A Wealth of Challenging Science. Acta Mater. 61(3), 782–817 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. O.V. Mishin, D. Juul Jensen, N. Hansen, Microstructures and Boundary Populations in Materials Produced by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 342(1-2), 320–328 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  5. K. Oh-Ishi, Z. Horita, M. Furukawa, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, Optimizing the Rotation Conditions for Grain Refinement in Equal-Channel Angular Pressing. Metall. Mater. Trans A. 29(7), 2011–2013 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  6. M.A. Muñoz-Morris, C. Garcia Oca, D.G. Morris, Mechanical Behavior of Dilute Al-Mg Alloy Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Scripta Mater. 48(3), 213–218 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  7. P. Rodriguez-Calvillo, J.M. Cabrera, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Commercially Pure Ti Processed by Warm Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 625, 311–320 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. D.V. Gunderov, A.V. Poyakov, I.P. Semenova, G.I. Raab, A.A. Churakova, E.I. Gimaltdinova, I. Sabirov, J. Segurado, V.D. Sitdikov, I.V. Alexandrov, N.A. Enikeev, R.Z. Valiev, Evolution of Microstructure, Macrotexture and Mechanical Properties of Commercially Pure Ti During ECAP-Conform Processing and Drawing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 562, 128–136 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. G.S. Dyakonov, S. Mironov, I.P. Semenova, R.Z. Valiev, S.L. Semiatin, Microstructure Evolution and Strengthening Mechanisms in Commercial Purity Titanium Subjected to Equal-Channel Angular Pressing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 701, 289–301 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Q. Shi, Y.Y. Tse, R.L. Higginson, Microstructure and Texture Development During Solid Consolidation Recycling of Ti-6Al-4V. Mater. Characterization 147, 223–232 (2019)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. F.J. Humphreys, M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, 2nd edn. (Elsevier, Oxford, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  12. P. Bobrowski, M. Faryna, Z. Pedzich, Microstructural Characterization of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Sintered at Different Temperatures Using 3D EBSD, 2D EBSD and Stereological Calculations. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 26(10), 4681–4688 (2017)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. F.J. Humphreys, Grain and Subgrain Characterisation by Electron Backscatter Diffraction. J. Mater. Sci. 36(16), 3833–3854 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. W.F. Hosford, Mechanical Behavior of Materials (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  15. T.H. Courtney, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 2nd edn. (McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  16. B.S. Fromm, B.L. Adams, S. Ahmadi, M. Knezevic, Grain Size and Orientation Distributions: Application to Yielding of α-Titanium. Acta Mater. 57(8), 2339–2348 (2009)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A.M. Russell, K.L. Lee, Structure-Property Relationships in Nonferrous Metals (Wiley, Hoboken, 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. Sambasiva Rao, Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Grain Boundary Strengthening in Strongly Textured Magnesium Produced by Hot Rolling. Metall. Trans. A 13(12), 2219 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  19. G. Sambasiva Rao, Y.V.R.K. Prasad, Contribution of Texture to the Strengthening and Fracture in Hot-Rolled Magnesium-12.7 at% Cadmium Alloy. J. Mater. Sci. 18(8), 2385–2392 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  20. W. Yuan, S.K. Panigrahi, J.-Q. Su, R.S. Mishra, Influence of Grain Size and Texture on Hall-Petch Relationship for a Magnesium Alloy. Scripta Mater. 65(11), 994–997 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. D.G. Morris, I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, M.A. Muñoz-Morris, Analysis of Strengthening Mechanisms in a Severely-Plastically-Deformed Al-Mg-Si Alloy with Submicron Grain Size. J. Mater. Sci. 42(5), 1439–1443 (2007)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. P. Luo, Q.D. Hu, X. Wu, Quantitatively Analyzing Strength Contribution vs Grain Boundary Scale Relation in Pure Titanium Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47(5), 1922–1928 (2016)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Luo, Analysis of Microstructure and Its Effect on Yield Strength of Pure Alpha-Titanium Consolidated by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Mater. Trans. 59(7), 1161–1165 (2018)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. N. Hansen, X. Huang, Microstructure and Flow Stress of Polycrystals and Single Crystals. Acta Mater. 46(5), 1827–1836 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. P. Luo, D.T. McDonald, W. Xu, S. Palanisamy, M.S. Dargusch, K. Xia, A Modified Hall-Petch Relationship in Ultrafine-Grained Titanium Recycled From Chips by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Scripta Mater. 66(10), 785–788 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. R. Armstrong, Theory of the Tensile Ductile-Brittle Behavior of Poly-Crystalline H.C.P. Materials, with Application to Beryllium. Acta Metall. 16(3), 347 (1968)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R.W. Armstrong, Engineering Science Aspects of the Hall–Petch Relation. Acta Mech. 225(4–5), 1013–1028 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Z. Zeng, Y. Zhang, S. Jonsson, Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Commercial Pure Titanium Deformed at Elevated Temperatures. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 513–514, 83–90 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  29. D. Tabor, The Hardness of Metals (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1951)

    Google Scholar 

  30. J.A. Hawk, R.E. Franck, H.G.F. Wilsdorf, Yield Stress as Determined From Hardness Measurements for Mechanically Alloyed Aluminium Base Alloys. Metall. Trans. A 19(9), 2363–2366 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Z. Ji, H. Yang, H.W. Li, Contributions of Microstructural Features to the Integrated Hardness of TA15 Titanium Alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 628, 358–365 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Q.D. Hu, P. Luo, Y.W. Yan, J.G. Li, Quantitative Analysis of Heterogeneous Microstructure and Diversified Strengthening Mechanisms in Spark Plasma Sintered Molybdenum Disilicide. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 46(4), 1443–1449 (2015)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. R. Armstrong, I. Codd, R.M. Douthwaite, N.J. Petch, The Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Aggregates. Philos. Mag. 7(73), 45–58 (1962)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. M.A. Meyers, K.K. Chawla, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  35. M.L. Wasz, F.R. Brotzen, R.B. Mclellan, A.J. Griffin Jr., Effect of Oxygen and Hydrogen on Mechanical Properties of Commercial Purity Titanium. Inter. Mater. Rev. 41, 1–12 (1996)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. E. Baril, L.P. Lefebvre, Y. Thomas, Interstitial Elements in Titanium Powder Metallurgy: Source and Control. Powder Metall. 54, 183–187 (2011)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. R.W.K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals (Edward Arnold, London, 1968)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Y.H. Zhao, X.Z. Liao, S. Cheng, E. Ma, Y.T. Zhu, Simultaneously Increasing the Ductility and Strength of Nanostructured Alloys. Adv. Mater. 18(17), 2280–2283 (2006)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. H. Mecking, U.F. Kocks, Kinetics of Flow and Strain-Hardening. Acta Metall. 29(11), 1865–1875 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Z.N. Yang, F.C. Zhang, Y.Y. Xiao, Z.G. Yan, Dynamic Recovery: The Explanation for Strain-Softening Behaviour in Zr-2.3Nb Alloy. Scripta Mater. 67(12), 959–962 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Takaki, C. Yoshimoto, A. Yamanaka, Y. Tomita, Multiscale Modeling of Hot-Working with Dynamic Recrystallization by Coupling Microstructure Evolution and Macroscopic Mechanical Behaviour. Int. J. Plast. 52, 105–116 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Defence Materials Technology Centre. The author gratefully acknowledges the financial supports from Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Heavy Casting/Forging Manufacturing Technology, and the Practice Scheme via Industry-University-Research Cooperation for Shanghai Higher Education Teachers, as sponsored by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission. My thanks are due to Q.D. Hu at Shanghai Jiaotong University, and K. Xia and D.T. McDonald with the University of Melbourne, for assistance with EBSD.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Heavy Casting/Forging Manufacturing Technology, School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai, 201306, People’s Republic of China

    Peng Luo

Authors
  1. Peng Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peng Luo.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Luo, P. Quantitative Analysis of Strengthening Effect Contributed by Microstructure Characteristics in Pure Titanium Consolidated by Severe Plastic Deformation. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 29, 769–775 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04601-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04601-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation