Abstract
The microstructure characteristics of the selective laser melted Inconel 718 alloy under as-deposited, homogenization + solution + aging (HSA) and solution + aging (SA) conditions were studied. The anisotropy and heterogeneity of mechanical properties under different conditions were also investigated. Under the as-deposited condition, the morphology and size of the grains are heterogeneous. The dendrite structures which grow nearly perpendicular to the molten pool traces, accompanying interdendritic Laves phase, can be observed within the grains. The dendrite structure completely disappeared, and the Laves phases embedded in the interdendritic regions also dissolved into the matrix to precipitate γ′ and γ″ phases after heat treatments. Fully recrystallized grains were obtained under the HSA condition, while only incomplete recrystallized grains were obtained under the SA condition. However, the characteristics of γ′ and γ″ phases are very similar under the HSA and SA conditions. Significant improvement in strength after heat treatments was due to the dissolution of undesirable Laves phase and the precipitation of γ′ and γ″ phases. For all the three conditions, different tensile properties were observed depending on the orientation of the specimens. The scatter of mechanical properties is notable, and heat treatments increased the scatter of mechanical properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.N. Amato, S.M. Gaytan, L.E. Murr, E. Martinez, P.W. Shindo, J. Hernandez, S. Collins, and F. Medina, Microstructures and Mechanical Behavior of Inconel 718 Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Acta Mater., 2012, 60, p 2229–2239
F.C. Liu, X. Lin, C.P. Huang, M.H. Song, G.L. Yang, J. Chen, and W.D. Huang, The Effect of Laser Scanning Path on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Laser Solid Formed Nickel-Base Superalloy Inconel 718, J. Alloys Compd., 2011, 509, p 4505–4509
S.S. Babu, N. Raghavan, J. Raplee, S.J. Foster, C. Frederick, M. Haines, R. Dinwiddie, M.K. Kirka, A. Plotkowski, Y. Lee, and R.R. Dehoff, Additive Manufacturing of Nickel Superalloys: Opportunities for Innovation and Challenges Related to Qualification, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, 49(9), p 3764–3780
R.C. Roger, The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications, 2012.
Y.T. Chen, A.C. Yeh, M.Y. Li, and S.M. Kuo, Effects of Processing Routes on Room Temperature Tensile Strength and Elongation for Inconel 718, Mater. Des., 2017, 119, p 235–243
G.A. Rao, M. Srinivas, and D.S. Sarma, Effect of Oxygen Content of Powder on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot Isostatically Pressed Superalloy Inconel 718, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, 435, p 84–99
D.H. Smith, J. Bicknell, L. Jorgensen, B.M. Patterson, N.L. Cordes, I. Tsukrov, and M. Knezevic, Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Direct Metal Laser Sintered Inconel Alloy 718, Mater. Charact., 2016, 113, p 1–9
W.D. Huang and X. Lin, Research Progress in Laser Solid Forming of High-Performance Metallic Components at the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing of China, 3D Print, Addit. Manuf., 2014, 1, p 156–165
T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski, A.M. Beese, A. Wilson-Heid, A. De, and W. Zhang, Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components—Process, Structure and Properties, Prog. Mater Sci., 2018, 92, p 112–224
K. Moussaoui, W. Rubio, M. Mousseigne, T. Sultan, and F. Rezai, Effects of Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing Parameters of Inconel 718 on Porosity, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 735, p 182–190
J.P. Choi, G.H. Shin, S. Yang, D.Y. Yang, J.S. Lee, M. Brochu, and J.H. Yu, Densification and Microstructural Investigation of Inconel 718 Parts Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Powder Technol., 2017, 310, p 60–66
D.Y. Zhang, W. Niu, X.Y. Cao, and Z. Liu, Effect of Standard Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melting Manufactured Inconel 718 Superalloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 644, p 32–40
H.Y. Wan, Z.J. Zhou, C.P. Li, G.F. Chen, and G.P. Zhang, Effect of Scanning Strategy on Grain Structure and Crystallographic Texture of Inconel 718 Processed by Selective Laser Melting, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34, p 1799–1804
D.Y. Zhang, Z. Feng, C.J. Wang, W.D. Wang, Z. Liu, and W. Niu, Comparison of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting and Casting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 724, p 357–367
T. Trosch, J. Stroßner, R. Volkl, and U. Glatzel, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Inconel 718 Compared to Forging and Casting, Mater. Lett., 2016, 164, p 428–431
S. Sui, J. Chen, X.L. Ming, S.P. Zhang, X. Lin, and W.D. Huang, The Failure Mechanism of 50% Laser Additive Manufactured Inconel 718 and the Deformation Behavior of Laves Phases During a Tensile Process, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 91, p 2733–2740
J. Stroßner, M. Terock, and U. Glatzel, Mechanical and Microstructural Investigation of Nickel-Based Superalloy IN718 Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Adv. Eng. Mater., 2015, 17, p 1099–1105
Z.M. Wang, K. Guan, M. Gao, X.Y. Li, X.F. Chen, and X.Y. Zeng, The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Deposited-IN718 by Selective Laser Melting, J. Alloys Compd., 2012, 513, p 518–523
J.J. Lewandowski and M. Seifi, Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 2016, 46, p 151–186
Y. Kok, X.P. Tan, P. Wang, M.L.S. Nai, N.H. Loh, E. Liu, and S.B. Tor, Anisotropy and Heterogeneity of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Critical Review, Mater. Des., 2018, 139, p 565–586
M. Ni, C. Chen, X.J. Wang, P.W. Wang, R.D. Li, X.Y. Zhang, and K.C. Zhou, Anisotropic Tensile Behavior of In Situ Precipitation Strengthened Inconel 718 Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 701, p 344–351
H.F. Gu, H.J. Gong, D. Pal, K. Rafi, T. Starr, and B. Stucker, Influences of Energy Density on Porosity and Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 17-4PH Stainless Steel, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 2007, 136, p 23–42
D.H. Kim and C.M. Lee, A Study of Cutting Force and Preheating-Temperature Prediction for Laser-Assisted Milling of Inconel 718 and AISI, 1045 Steel, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2014, 71, p 264–274
E. Chlebus, K. Gruber, B. Kuznicka, J. Kurzac, and T. Kurzynowski, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Processed by selective Laser Melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 639, p 647–655
G.A. Knorovsky, M.J. Cieslak, T.J. Headley, A.D. Romig, and W.F. Hammetter, Inconel 718: A Solidification Diagram, Metall. Trans. A, 1989, 20, p 2149–2158
W. Kurz and D.J. Fisher, Fundamentals of Solidification, Trans Tech Publications, 1986.
S. Mahajan, C.S. Pande, M.A. Imam, and B.B. Rath, Formation of Annealing Twins in f.c.c Crystals, Acta. Mater., 1997, 45, p 2633–2638
J.F. Radavich, The Physical Metallurgy of Cast and Wrought Alloy 718, Metall. Appl., 1989, 718, p 229–240
X. Li, J.J. Shi, C.H. Wang, G.H. Cao, A.M. Russell, Z.J. Zhou, C.P. Li, and G.F. Chen, Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 764, p 639–649
A. Oradei-Basile and J.F. Radavich, A Current TTT Diagram for Wrought Alloy 718, Superalloys, 1991, 718(625), p 325–335
G.H. Cao, T.Y. Sun, C.H. Wang, X. Li, M. Liu, Z.X. Zhang, P.F. Hu, A.M. Russell, R. Schneider, D. Gerthsen, Z.J. Zhou, C.P. Li, and G.F. Chen, Investigations of γ′, γ″ and δ Precipitates in Heat-Treated Inconel 718 Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting, Mater. Charact., 2018, 136, p 398–406
W. Tillmann, C. Schaak, J. Nellesen, M. Schaper, M.E. Aydinöz, and K.P. Hoyer, Hot Isostatic Pressing of IN718 Components Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting, Addit. Manuf., 2017, 13, p 93–102
S. Banumathy, R.K. Mandal, and A.K. Singh, Texture and Anisotropy of a Hot Rolled Ti-16Nb Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2010, 500, p 26–30
S. Sui, H. Tan, J. Chen, C.L. Zhong, Z. Li, W. Fan, A. Gasser, and W.D. Huang, The Influence of Laves Phases on the Room Temperature Tensile Properties of Inconel 718 Fabricated by Powder Feeding Laser Additive Manufacturing, Acta Mater., 2019, 718, p 413–427
G.E. Bean, T.D. McLouth, D.B. Witkin, S.D. Sitzman, P.M. Adams, and R.J. Zaldivar, Build Orientation Effects on Texture and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melting Inconel 718, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(4), p 1942–1949
R.O. Ritchie, The Conflicts Between Strength and Toughness, Nat. Mater., 2011, 10, p 817–822
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFB0305100) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 21618325).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Q., Ren, P., Tu, X. et al. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Inconel 718 Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 5376–5386 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04309-3
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04309-3