Abstract
The AA2195 alloy was designed for aerospace applications. Fatigue failures are among the major causes of aircraft failures. However, there exist limited studies on fatigue behavior of forged AA2195 alloy. Samples of AA2195 alloys were taken from an aircraft wheel and an open-die hand-forged billet. A total of 44 aircraft wheel samples and 67 hand-forged samples were tested. Aircraft wheel samples taken from the hub and tubewell were prepared in two tempers: T6 (peak aged) and T8 (cold worked and aged). The hand-forged samples were prepared in three temper conditions (T6, T8-4% strain, and T8-8% strain) and cut in the transverse (T) direction, short-transverse (S) direction and 45° between these directions (ST45). The study revealed that T8 temper, while providing higher strength, showed longer fatigue life compared to T6 temper. The anisotropic behavior of AA2195 hand forgings showed the trend NT > NS > NST45. The forged aircraft wheels at different locations and tempers showed similar fatigue life at high stresses. At low stresses, different locations showed significant differences in fatigue lives. The reason may be related to the variance of manufacturing and thermomechanical processes experienced by different locations on a complex-shaped wheel. The AA2195 aircraft wheel samples were also compared with samples taken from a similar aircraft wheel but made of AA2014 alloy. The results revealed that the addition of lithium significantly improved fatigue life.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. Nayan, N.P. Gurao, S.V.S. Narayana Murty, A.K. Jha, B. Pant, S.C. Sharma, and K.M. George, Microstructure and Micro-texture Evolution During Large Strain Deformation of an Aluminum–Copper–Lithium Alloy AA 2195, Mater. Des., 2015, 65, p 862–868
N. Jiang, G. Xiang, and Z.Q. Zheng, Microstructure Evolution of Aluminum–Lithium Alloy 2195 Undergoing Commercial Production, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2010, 20(5), p 740–745
N. Nayan, S.V.S. Narayana Murty, A.K. Jha, B. Pant, S.C. Sharma, K.M. George, and G.V.S. Sastry, Processing and Characterization of Al-Cu-Li Alloy AA2195 Undergoing Scale Up Production Through the Vacuum Induction Melting Technique, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 576, p 21–28
Z.X. Zhu, J. Han, C. Gao, M. Liu, J.W. Song, Z.W. Wang, and H.J. Li, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Li 2198-T8 Alloys Processed by Two Different Severe Plastic Deformation Methods: A Comparative Study, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 681, p 65–73
A. Hekmat-Ardakan, E.M. Elgallad, F. Ajersch, and X.G. Chen, Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast and T6-Treated AA2195 DC Cast Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 558, p 76–81
L. Wang, M. Hao, G.A. Li, and G.H. Chen, In-situ Investigation of the Fracture Behaviors of 2195-T8 Aluminum-Lithium Alloy, in MATEC Web Conference, vol 67(05028) (2016), p 1–6
A.A. El-Aty, Y. Xu, X.Z. Guo, S.H. Zhang, Y. Ma, and D.Y. Chen, Strengthening Mechanisms, Deformation Behavior, and Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Al-Li Alloys: A Review, J. Adv. Res., 2017, 10, p 49–67
N. Nayan, S.V.S. Narayana Murty, A.K. Jha, B. Pant, S.C. Sharma, K.M. George, and G.V.S. Sastry, Mechanical Properties of Aluminum–Copper–Lithium Alloy AA2195 at Cryogenic Temperatures, Mater. Des., 2014, 58, p 445–450
W.T. Wu, Z.Y. Liu, S. Bai, F.D. Li, M. Liu, and A. Wang, Anisotropy in Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Al-Cu-Li Alloy Thick Plate, Mater. Charact., 2017, 131, p 440–449
J. Chen, Q.L. Pan, X.H. Yu, M.J. Li, H. Zou, H. Xiang, Z.Q. Huang, and Q. Hu, Effect of Annealing Treatment on Microstructure and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy, J. Cent. South Univ., 2018, 25(5), p 961–975
H. Aydin, M. Tutar, A. Durmuş, A. Bayram, and T. Sayaca, Effect of Welding Parameters on Tensile Properties and Fatigue Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2012, 65(1), p 21–30
Q.B. Yang, X.Z. Wang, X. Li, Z.H. Deng, Z.H. Jia, Z.Q. Zhang, G.J. Huang, and Q. Liu, Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure of AA2195 Alloy Under Plane Strain Compression, Mater. Charact., 2017, 131, p 500–507
Z.W. Chen, K. Zhao, and L. Fan, Combinative Hardening Effects of Precipitation in a Commercial Aged Al-Cu-Li-X Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 588, p 59–64
A. Medjahed, A. Henniche, M. Derradji, T.F. Yu, Y. Wang, R.Z. Wu, L.G. Hou, J.H. Zhang, X.L. Li, and M.L. Zhang, Effects of Cu/Mg Ratio on the Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Al-Li-Cu-Mg-X Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 718, p 241–249
J.F. Li, Z.H. Ye, D.Y. Liu, Y.L. Chen, X.H. Zhang, X.Z. Xu, and Z.Q. Zheng, Influence of Pre-deformation on Aging Precipitation Behavior of Three Al-Cu-Li Alloys, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2017, 30(2), p 33–145
J.H. Kim, J.H. Jeun, H.J. Chun, Y.R. Lee, J.T. Yoo, J.H. Yoon, and H.S. Lee, Effect of Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of AA2195, J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 669, p 187–198
O.S. Es-Said, C.J. Parrish, C.A. Bradberry, J.Y. Hassoun, R.A. Parish, A. Nash, and N.C. Smythe, Effect of Stretch Orientation and Rolling Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2011, 20(7), p 1171–1179
H.Y. Li, D.S. Huang, W. Kang, J.J. Liu, Y.X. Ou, and D.W. Li, Effect of Different Aging Processes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Novel Al-Cu-Li Alloy, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(10), p 1049–1053
M.C. Chaturvedi and D.L. Chen, Effect of Specimen Orientation and Welding on the Fracture and Fatigue Properties of 2195 Al-Li Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 387, p 465–469
P. Khanikar, Y. Liu, and M.A. Zikry, Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Dynamic Behavior of Al-Cu-Li Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 604, p 67–77
A. Wang, Z.Y. Liu, M. Liu, W.T. Wu, S. Bai, and R.X. Yang, Texture and Tempered Condition Combined Effects on Fatigue Behavior in an Al-Cu-Li Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26(6), p 2453–2458
R.J. Rioja and J. Liu, The Evolution of Al-Li Base Products for Aerospace and Space Applications, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2012, 43(9), p 3325–3337
T. Dorin, A. Deschamps, F.D. Geuser, and F. Robaut, Impact of Grain Microstructure on the Heterogeneity of Precipitation Strengthening in an Al-Li-Cu Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 627, p 51–55
R. Crooks, Z. Wang, V.I. Levit, and R.N. Shenoy, Micro-texture, Microstructure and Plastic Anisotropy of AA2195, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, 257(1), p 145–152
ISO 1143, Metals—Rotating Bar Bending Fatigue Testing, 1975
Weber Metals, Inc., Paramount, CA. http://web.webermetals.com/. Accessed June 2018
L.P. Xu, Q.Y. Wang, and M. Zhou, Micro-crack Initiation and Propagation in a High Strength Aluminum Alloy During Very High Cycle Fatigue, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 715, p 404–413
D.R. Askeland, P.P. Fulay, and W.J. Wright, The science and engineering of materials, 6th edn. Cengage Learning (2011), p 266–284. (Print).
D.D. Tian, X.S. Liu, G.Q. He, Y. Shen, S.Q. Lv, and Q.G. Wang, Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Casting A319 Alloy Under Two Different Aging Conditions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 654, p 60–68
F. Alzubi, M. Timko, Y. Li, R. Toal, K. Tovalin, and O.S. Es-Said, Large Versus Small Grain Sizes on Fatigue Life of Aluminum Aircraft Wheels, Defect Diffus. Forum, 2019, 391, p 174–194
P.S. De, R.S. Mishra, and J.A. Baumann, Characterization of High Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a New Generation Aluminum Lithium Alloy, Acta Mater., 2011, 59(15), p 5946–5960
N.J. Kim and E.W. Lee, Effect of T1 Precipitate on the Anisotropy of Al-Li Alloy 2090, Acta Metall. Mater., 1993, 41(3), p 941–948
M. Gazizov and R. Kaibyshev, High Cyclic Fatigue Performance of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy Under T6 and T840 Conditions, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2017, 27(6), p 1215–1223
Q.K. Xia, Z.Y. Liu, and H. Wang, Fatigue Property of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy for T6 and T8 Aging, Trans. Mater. Heat Treat., 2014, 35(4), p 67–71
B.I. Rodgers and P.B. Prangnell, Quantification of the Influence of Increased Pre-stretching on Microstructure–Strength Relationships in the Al-Cu-Li Alloy AA2195, Acta Mater., 2016, 108, p 55–67
Y.X. Wang, G.Q. Zhao, X. Xu, X.X. Chen, and W.D. Zhang, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Spray Deposited 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy Through Thermo-Mechanical Processing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 727, p 78–89
C. Laird and G.C. Smith, Crack Propagation in High Stress Fatigue, Philos. Mag., 1962, 7(77), p 847–857
T. Kermanidis, A.D. Zervaki, V. Modas, A.N. Chamos, and S.G. Pantelakis, Fatigue Performance of Pre-corroded 6xxx Aluminum Alloy Laser Beam Welds With Dissimilar Heat Treatment, Procedia Eng., 2014, 74, p 22–26
Acknowledgments
The authors highly acknowledge and thank Mr. Ye Thura Hein (Loyola Marymount University) for his help in revising and editing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shen, K., Timko, M., Li, YJ. et al. The Effect of Temper, Grain Orientation, and Composition on the Fatigue Properties of Forged Aluminum-Lithium 2195 Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 5625–5638 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04300-y
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04300-y