Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Study on Thermal Conductivity and Stability of Nanofluids Containing Chemically Synthesized Nanoparticles for Advanced Thermal Applications

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study presents easy methods of synthesizing silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles through chemical route in an aqueous medium under atmospheric condition at ambient temperature. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized with different techniques, such as x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Experimental observations have revealed the absence of any metal oxide layer around the nanoparticles which are found to remain stable under ambient conditions. The featured properties, such as narrow size distribution, stability, make these nanoparticles potential candidates for the synthesis of effective nanofluids. The nanofluids have been prepared by dispersing the nanoparticles synthesized through chemical route in a suitable base fluid. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids with different nanoparticles loading has been measured by transient hot-wire method, and the results have shown that the increasing trend of enhancement in thermal conductivity with respect to nanoparticles concentration is attainable only when the nanoparticles concentration is below some limiting value depending on the type of nanofluid. Beyond this limiting value of loading, the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid decreases due to pronounced agglomeration effect. The measurements of thermal conductivity of nanofluids over varying temperatures for a given volume fraction loading of nanoparticles have shown that the thermal conductivity increases markedly with the increase in temperature. Hence, nanofluids are likely to be much more promising at high-temperature applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Cambridge, 1904, p 435–441

    Google Scholar 

  2. S.U.S. Choi, Nanofluids: From Vision to Reality Through Research, J. Heat Transf., 2009, 131, p 033106–033109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. S.A. Kumar, K.S. Meenakshi, B.R.V. Narashimhan, S. Srikanth, and G. Arthanareeswaran, Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanofluid by a Novel One-Step Method, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2009, 113, p 57–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. X. Wang, X. Xu, and S.U.S. Choi, Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle Fluid Mixture, J. Thermophys. Heat Transf., 1999, 13, p 474–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. S.U.S. Choi, Z.G. Zhang, W. Yu, F.E. Lockwood, and E.A. Grulke, Anomalous Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Nanotube Suspensions, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79, p 2252–2254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J.A. Eastman, S.U.S. Choi, S. Li, W. Yu, and L.J. Thompson, Anomalously Increased Effective Thermal Conductivities of Ethylene Glycol-Based Nanofluids Containing Copper Nanoparticles, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 78, p 718–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A.A. Avramenko, I.V. Shevchuk, A.I. Tyrinov, and D.G. Blinov, Heat Transfer in Stable Film Boiling of a Nanofluid Over a Vertical Surface, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 2015, 92, p 106–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Moghadassi, E. Ghomi, and F. Parvizian, A Numerical Study of Water Based Al2O3 and Al2O3-Cu Hybrid Nanofluid Effect on Forced Convective Heat Transfer, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 2015, 92, p 50–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. S.K. Das, N. Putra, P. Thiesen, and W. Roetzel, Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Nanofluids, ASME J. Heat Transf., 2003, 125, p 567–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S.M. You, J.H. Kim, and K.H. Kim, Effect of Nanoparticles on Critical Heat flux of Water in Pool Boiling Heat Transfer, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, p 3374–3376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Ghadimi, R. Saidur, and H.S.C. Metselaar, A Review of Nanofluid Stability Properties and Characterization in Stationary Conditions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2011, 54, p 4051–4068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. N.A. Dhas, C.P. Raj, and A. Gedanken, Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Metallic Copper Nanoparticles, Chem. Mater., 1998, 10, p 1446–1452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. I. Lisiecki, F. Billoudet, and M.P. Pileni, Control of the Shape and the Size of Copper Metallic Particles, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, p 4160–4166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. P.J. Jorge, P.S. Isabel, M.L.M. Luis, and M. Paul, Gold Nanorods: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2005, 249, p 1870–1901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. X. Zou, E. Ying, and S. Dong, Seed-Mediated Synthesis of Branched Gold Nanoparticles with the Assistance of Citrate and Their Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Properties, Nanotechnology, 2006, 17, p 4758–4764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Mehta, S. Kumar, S. Chaudhary, K.K. Bhasin, and M. Gradzielski, Evolution of ZnS Nanoparticles via Facile CTAB Aqueous Micellar Solution Route: A Study on Controlling Parameters, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2009, 4, p 17–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. V.K. Balakrishnan, X. Han, W.G.W. VanLoon, J.M. Dust, J. Toullec, and E. Buncel, Acceleration of Nucleophilic Attack on an Organophosphorothioate Neurotoxin, Fenitrothion, by Reactive Counterion Cationic Micelles. Regioselectivity as a Probe of Substrate Orientation Within the Micelle, Langmuir, 2004, 20, p 6586–6593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. L.P. Wang and G.Y. Hong, A New Preparation of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles by Solid-State Method at Low Temperature, Mater. Res. Bull., 2000, 35, p 695–701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. E.S. Platunov, I.V. Baranov, S.E. Buravoi, and V.V. Kurepin (E.S. Platunov Ed.), Thermophysical Measurements: A Manual, SPbGUN and PT, St. Petersburg, 2010 (in Russian)

  20. Y. Xuan and W. Roetzel, Conceptions for Heat Transfer Correlation of Nanofluids, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2000, 43, p 3701–3707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. C.J. Yu, A.G. Richter, A. Datta, M.K. Durbin, and P. Dutta, Molecular Layering in a Liquid on a Solid Substrate: An X-Ray Reflectivity Study, Physica B, 2000, 283, p 27–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A.A. Joshi and A. Majumdar, Transient Ballistic and Diffusive Phonon Heat Transport in Thin Films, J. Appl. Phys., 1993, 74, p 31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. C.W. Shon and M.M. Chen, Microconvective Thermal Conductivity in Disperse Two-Phase Mixture as Observed in a Low Velocity Couette Flow Experiment, ASME J. Heat Transf., 1981, 103, p 47–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. J.C. Maxwell-Garnett, Colours in Metal Glasses and in Metallic Films, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 1904, 203, p 385–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. G. Paul, S. Sarkar, T. Pal, P.K. Das, and I. Manna, Concentration and Size Dependence of Nano-Silver Dispersed Water Based Nanofluids, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2012, 371, p 20–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J. Philip, P.D. Sharma, and B. Raj, Evidence for Enhanced Thermal Conduction Through Percolating Structures in Nanofluids, Nanotechnology, 2008, 19, p 305706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M.S. Liu, M.C.C. Lin, C.Y. Tsai, and C.C. Wang, Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity with Cu for Nanofluids Using Chemical Reduction Method, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2006, 49, p 3028–3033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. S.K. Das, N. Putra, and W. Roetzel, Pool Boiling Characteristics of Nano-fluids, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2003, 46, p 851–862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. K.S. Hong, T.K. Hong, and H.S. Yang, Thermal Conductivity of Fe Nanofluids Depending on the Cluster Size of Nanoparticles, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88, p 031901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Xuan and Q. Li, Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 2000, 21, p 58–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Philip, P.D. Shima, and B. Raj, Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity in Magnetite Based Nanofluid Due to Chainlike Structures, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91, p 203108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Y.H. Li, W. Qu, and J.C. Feng, Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids, Chin. Phys. Lett., 2008, 25, p 3319–3322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. H.E. Patel, S.K. Das, T. Sundararajan, A.S. Nair, B. George, and T. Pradeep, Thermal Conductivities of Naked and Monolayer Protected Metal Nanoparticle Based Nanofluids: Manifestation of Anomalous Enhancement and Chemical Effects, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, p 2931–2933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Mukherjee and S. Paira, Preparation and Stability of Nanofluids: A Review, IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng., 2013, 9, p 63–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. R. Taylor, S. Coulombe, T. Otanicar, P. Phelan, A. Gunawan, W. Lv, G. Rosengarten, R. Prasher, and H. Tyagi, Small Particles, Big Impacts: A Review of the Diverse Applications of Nanofluids, J. Appl. Phys., 2013, 113, p 011301

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The financial support of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, through Grant No. SR/FTP/ETA-118/2011 for executing this project is thankfully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India

    Sujoy Das, Krishnan Bandyopadhyay & M. M. Ghosh

Authors
  1. Sujoy Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Krishnan Bandyopadhyay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. M. Ghosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. M. Ghosh.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Das, S., Bandyopadhyay, K. & Ghosh, M.M. A Study on Thermal Conductivity and Stability of Nanofluids Containing Chemically Synthesized Nanoparticles for Advanced Thermal Applications. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 27, 3994–4004 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3506-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3506-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation