Abstract
Shape memory alloys are considered smart materials because of their singular thermo-mechanical properties, due to a thermoelastic martensitic transformation, enabling possible uses as actuators (because of mechanical recovery induced from temperature changes) and as dampers (because of hysteresis). NiTi wires for dampers in Civil Engineering had been characterized and tested in facilities. Guaranteed performance needs to know behavior during fatigue life and knowledge of effects in the event of extreme conditions, as eventual overstraining. In this work, we check the possibilities to absorb mechanical energy on the fatigue life depending on stress level and explore the consequences of overstraining the material during installation, the possibilities of partial healing by moderate heating, and some effects of over-stressing the wires. The mechanical energy absorbed by the unit weight of damper wire might be very high during its lifetime if maximum stresses remain relatively low allowing high fatigue life. We show also some results on NiTi wire working as an actuator. The lifetime mechanical work performed by an actuator wire can be very high if applied stresses are limited. The overstraining produces relevant “residual” deformation, which can be to some extent reversed by moderate heating at zero stress. The reason for the observed characteristics seems to be that when external high stresses are applied to an NiTi wire, it undergoes some plastic deformation, leaving a distribution of internal stresses that alter the shape and position of the macroscopic stress-strain transformation path.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K. Otsuka and C.M. Wayman, Shape Memory Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998
A. Isalgue, C. Auguet, G. Carreras, and V. Torra, SMA (Cu-Based, NiTi) for Use in Damping: The Implications of Reliability for Long Time Applications and Aging Behaviour, Funct. Mater. Lett., 2012, 5(1), p 1250008. doi:10.1142/S1793604712500087
V. Torra, A. Isalgue, F. Martorell, P. Terriault, and F.C. Lovey, Built in Dampers for Family Homes via SMA: An ANSYS Computation Scheme Based on Mesoscopic and Microscopic Experimental Analyses, Eng. Struct., 2007, 29, p 1889–1902
V. Torra, A. Isalgue, C. Auguet, C. Carreras, F.C. Lovey, and P. Terriault, Damping in Civil Engineering Using SMA Part 2—Particular Properties of NiTi for Damping of Stayed Cables in Bridges, Can. Metall. Q., 2013, 52(1), p 81–89
A. Isalgue, V. Torra, F. Casciati, and S. Casciati, NiTi Wires for Dampers and Actuators: Fatigue, European Association Control of Structures June, 2012 (Genoa), 2012
V. Torra, A. Isalgue, C. Auguet, G. Carreras, F.C. Lovey, H. Soul, and P. Terriault, Damping in Civil Engineering Using SMA: The Fatigue Behavior and Stability of CuAlBe and NiTi Alloys, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2009, 18, p 738–745
A. Isalgue, V. Torra, F.C. Lovey, and J.L. Pelegrina, Low Temperature Aging Behavior of Transformation Temperatures in Some Cu-based and NiTi SMA, ESOMAT 2009 (Prague), EDP Sciences, 2009. doi:10.1051/esomat/200905012
V. Torra, C. Auguet, A. Isalgue, G. Carreras, and F.C. Lovey, Metastable Effects on Martensitic Transformation in SMA: Part IX. Static Aging for Morphing by Temperature and Stress, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2013, 112, p 777–780. doi:10.1007/s10973-012-2585-y
V. Torra, C. Auguet, A. Isalgue, F.C. Lovey, A. Sepulveda, and H. Soul, Metastable Effects on Martensitic Transformation in SMA Part VIII. Temperature Effects on Cycling, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2010, 102, p 671–680. doi:10.1007/s10973-009-0613-3
H. Soul, A. Isalgue, A. Yawny, V. Torra, and F.C. Lovey, Pseudoelastic Fatigue of NiTi Wires: Frequency and Size Effects on Damping Capacity, Smart Mater. Struct., 2010, 19, p 085006. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/19/8/085006
S. Miyazaki, K. Mizukoshi, T. Ueki, T. Sakuma, and Y.N. Liu, Fatigue Life of Ti-50 at.% Ni and Ti-40Ni-10Cu (at.%) Shape Memory Alloy Wires, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, 273, p 658–663. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00344-5
A.R. Pelton, Nitinol Fatigue: A Review of Microstructures and Mechanisms, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2011, doi:10.1007/s11665-011-9864-9
G. Kang, Q. Kan, C. Yu, D. Song, and Y. Liu, Whole-Life Transformation Ratchetting and Fatigue of Super-Elastic NiTi Alloy Under Uniaxial Stress-Controlled Cyclic Loading, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 535, p 228–234
H. Tobushi, K. Miyamoto, Y. Nishimura, and K. Mitsui, Novel Shape Memory Actuator, J. Theor. Appl. Mech., 2011, 49(3), p 927–943
S.W. Robertson, A.R. Pelton, and R.O. Ritchie, Mechanical Fatigue and Fracture of Nitinol, Int. Mater. Rev., 2012, 57(1), p 1–36
D.W. Norwich and A. Fasching, A Study of the Effect of Diameter on the Fatigue Properties of NiTi Wire, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2009, 18, p 558–562
M.F. Ashby and D.R.H. Jones, Engineering Materials: An Introduction to Their Properties and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, p 136–137
O.H. Basquin, The Exponential Law of Endurance Tests, Proc. Am. Soc. Test. Mater., 1910, 10, p 625–630
A. Isalgue, C. Auguet, R. Grau, V. Torra, N. Cinca, and J. Fernandez, Behavior of NiTi Wires for Dampers and Actuators in Extreme Conditions. Proceedings of International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies 2013, (Prague), 2013, p 396–397
Acknowledgments
Support from SMARTeR (ESF 2007-09, MICINN BIA2006-27041-E) and MICINN (MAT2009-08654) Projects is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also given to the referees for their suggestions to improve the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Isalgue, A., Auguet, C., Grau, R. et al. Behavior of NiTi Wires for Dampers and Actuators in Extreme Conditions. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 24, 3323–3327 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1607-x
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1607-x