Abstract
In the present work, using a simple solution cast technique, a series of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-doped cobalt chloride (CoCl2) solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) were successfully prepared. The effect of dopant on the morphology, structure, thermal, and electrochemical stability of the PEO films was systematically studied, and their ionic conductivity was examined. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data provide evidence of the complex nature and existence of various microscopic interactions. The PEO ionic conductivity of 8.6 × 10−8 S cm−1 was found to increase to 3.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 upon the inclusion of 5 wt.% of CoCl2 at 303 K. An effort was made to understand the enhanced conductivity. Several studies were utilized to better understand the fundamental interplay of ion content and segmental motion using the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equation with typical investigations based on the fit of temperature-dependent conductivity data. The activation energy (Ea) decreased with increasing dopant concentration. The PCL5 transfer number (tion) was determined to be 0.93, evidence of the ionic nature of the doped electrolyte. Further, the purity and electrochemical stability of SPEs were studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. The thermal analysis showed reduced crystallinity and changes in glass transition and melting temperature at lower temperature, indicating enhanced amorphous content, thus confirming faster ion conduction. These SPEs with excellent electrical performance are promising candidates for electrolytes in solid-state batteries and other energy storage devices.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Armand, Solid State Ion. 69, 309 (1994).
K.S. Ngai, S. Ramesh, K. Ramesh, and J.C. Juan, Ionics 22, 1259 (2016).
J. Mindemark, M.J. Lacey, T. Bowden, and D. Brandell, Prog. Polym. Sci. 81, 114 (2018).
D. Zhou, D. Shanmukaraj, A. Tkacheva, M. Armand, and G. Wang, Chem 5, 2326 (2019).
D.E. Fenton, J.M. Parker, and P.V. Wright, Polymer 14, 589 (1973).
M. Armand, M. Duclot, and J. Chabagno, In proceedings of the second international meeting on solid state electrolytes (St Andrews, Scotland) (1978)
S. Chapi, J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Dev. 5, 322 (2020).
P.V. Wright, Br. Polym. J. 7, 319 (1975).
C. Berthier, W. Gorecki, M. Minier, M.B. Armand, J.M. Chabagno, and P. Rigaud, Solid State Ion. 11, 91 (1983).
F. Croce, G.B. Appetecchi, L. Persi, and B. Scrosati, Nature 394, 456 (1998).
Q. Xiao, C. Deng, Q. Wang, Q. Zhang, Y. Yong, and R. Shijie, ACS Omega 4, 95 (2019).
K.P. Subir, M. Mukhopadhyay, and R. Ray, Ionics 25, 627 (2019).
P.C. Barbosa, M.M. Silva, M.J. Smith, A. Gonçalves, and E. Fortunato, Thin Solid Films 516, 1480 (2008).
A.F. Nogueira, J.R. Durrant, and M.A. De Paoli, Adv. Mater. 13, 826 (2001).
J. Mindemark and L. Edman, J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 420 (2016).
D. Roy, J.N. Cambre, and B.S. Sumerlin, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 278 (2010).
A. Ponrouch, D. Monti, A. Boschin, B. Steen, P. Johansson, and M.R. Palacin, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 22 (2015).
L. Meabe, T.V. Huynh, D. Mantione, L. Porcarelli, L. Chunmei, L.A. O’Dell, H. Sardon, M. Armand, M. Forsyth, and D. Mecerreyes, Electrochim. Acta 302, 414 (2019).
A. Arya, M. Sadiq, and A.L. Sharma, Polym. Bull. 76, 5149 (2019).
A. Arya and A.L. Sharma, Ionics 23, 497 (2017).
Y. Liping, M. Jun, J. Zhang, Z. Jingwen, S. Dong, Z. Liu, G. Cui, and L. Chen, Energy Storage Mater. 5, 139 (2016).
B.A. Shujahadeen, B.M. Rawezh, M.A. Brza, N.H. Amir, H.A. Ahmad, Y.A. Faidhalla, and M.F.Z. Kadir, Results Phys. 13, 102220 (2019).
S. Chapi, S. Ragu, and H. Devendrappa, Ionics 22, 803 (2016).
B. Jinisha, A.M. Anilkumar, M. Manoj, A. Abhilash, V.S. Pradeep, and S. Jayalekshmi, Ionics 24, 1675 (2018).
S. Chapi and H. Devendrappa, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27, 11974 (2016).
X.J. Wang, L.Z. Zhang, and L.X. Pei, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 131, 39550 (2014).
L. Porcarelli, C. Gerbaldi, F. Bella, and J.R. Nair, Sci. Rep. 6, 19892 (2016).
M.D. Singh, B. Nayak, B. Choudhury, S. Anand, and D. Anshuman, Solid State Ion. 311, 20 (2017).
T. Eriksson, J. Mindemark, M. Yue, and D. Brandell, Electrochim. Acta 300, 489 (2019).
T.A. Hawzhin and O.G. Abdullah, Results Phys. 16, 102861 (2020).
J. Cheng, H. Guangmei, Q. Sun, Z. Liang, X. Xiaoyan, G. Jianguang, D. Linna, L. Deping, N. Xiangkun, Z. Zeng, S. Pengchao, and C. Lijie, Solid State Ion. 345, 115156 (2020).
S. Shufeng, M.D. Hai, M.K. Alexander, and N. Hu, Sci. Rep. 6, 32330 (2016).
R. Cheerla and M. Krishnan, Polymer 155, 136 (2018).
S. Chapi, S. Raghu, V. Mini, K. Archana, S. Thomas, and H. Devendrappa, Macromol. Symp. 361, 129 (2016).
A.L. Sharma, N. Shukla, and A.K. Thakur, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 46, 2577 (2008).
S. Raghu, K. Archana, C. Sharanappa, S. Ganesh, and H. Devendrappa, J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci. 9, 117 (2016).
S. Chapi and H. Devendrappa, J. Res. Updates Polym. Sci. 3, 205 (2015).
A.J. Müller and R.M. Michell, Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Polymers (Hoboken: Wiley, 2016), pp. 72–99.
M.A. Saadiah, D. Zhang, Y. Nagao, S.K. Muzakir, and A.S. Samsudin, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 511, 201 (2019).
M. Madini, Curr. Appl. Phys. 11, 70 (2011).
N.K. Abbas, M.A. Habeeb, and A.J.K. Algidsawi, Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2015, 1 (2015).
K. Kiran Kumar, M. Ravi, Y. Pavani, S. Bhavani, A.K. Sharma, and V.V.R. Narasimha Rao, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 358, 3205 (2012).
S. Ramesh, T.F. Yuen, and C.J. Shen, Spectrochim. Acta A 69, 670 (2008).
M.F. Zaki, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 41, 175404 (2008).
S.A.M. Noor, A. Ahmad, I.A. Talib, and M.Y.A. Rahman, Ionics 16, 161 (2010).
J. Qiao, F. Jing, R. Lin, M. Jianxin, and L. Jianshe, Polymer 51, 4850 (2010).
L. Wen-Ze, N. Yan-hua, Z. Chen-ting, L. Huan, and L. Guang-xian, Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 35, 1402 (2017).
H. Nederstedt and P. Jannasch, Polymer 177, 231 (2019).
K.M. Diederichsen, H.G. Buss, and B.D. McCloskey, Macromolecules 50, 3831 (2017).
K. Boram, C. Chang-Geun, S. Yusuke, T. Isono, A. Min-Kyoon, M. Cheong-Min, H. Jin-Hyeok, C.F. Ramirez, T. Satoh, and L. Jae-Suk, Macromolecules 51, 2293 (2018).
N. Reddeppa, K. Ramamohan, M. Ravi, and X. Guo, Solid State Ion. 278, 260 (2015).
R. AnaMaria, A.C. de Alexander, and P.P. Robson, Polymer 51, 5151 (2010).
W.T. Andrews, A. Liebig, J. Cook, P. Marsh, C. Ciocanel, G.E. Lindberg, and C.C. Browder, Solid State Ion. 326, 150 (2018).
C. Venkata Subba Rao, M. Ravi, V. Raja, P.B. Bhargav, S. Ashok Kumar, and V.V.R. Narasimha Rao, Iran. Polym. J. 21, 531 (2012).
L. Yang, L. Xianming, W. Wang, J. Cheng, Y. Hailong, C. Tang, K. Jang-Kyo, and L. Yongsong, Sci. Rep. 5, 16584 (2015).
D.P. Dubal, V.J. Fulari, and C.D. Lokhande, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 151, 511 (2012).
B.W. Zhao, S.J. Lu, X. Zhang, H. Wang, J.B. Liu, and H. Yan, Ionics 22, 261 (2016).
G. Jiang, S. Maeda, Y. Saito, S. Tanase, and T. Sakai, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152, A767 (2005).
Z. Wu, X.L. Huang, Z.L. Wang, J.J. Xu, H.G. Wang, and X.B. Zhang, Sci. Rep. 4, 3669 (2014).
S. Chapi, J. Nano Electron. Phys. 12, 02043 (2020).
F.C. Anson, Anal. Chem. 38, 54 (1966).
A.J. Bard and L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (New York: Wiley, 2001).
G.S. Gund, D.P. Dubal, N.R. Chodankar, J.Y. Cho, P. Gomez-Romero, C. Park, and C.D. Lokhande, Sci. Rep. 5, 12454 (2015).
M. Abdelaziz, Phys. B 406, 13001307 (2011).
S. Ibrahim and M.R. Johan, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 7, 2596 (2012).
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Dr. Muttanagoud Kalasad, Professor & Chairman, Department of Physics, Davangere University, Davanger; Principal Prof. P. G. Patil, Dr. Ramesh G. K., Dr. Kumar H. K., Miss. Ashwini Rayar, KLE Society’s J T College Gadag; Dr. Gangadhar Babaladimath, KLE Society’s RLS College, Belagavi; and Kabiru Bello, Umaru Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic, Sokoto State, Nigeria, for support and valuable discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chapi, S. Influence of Co2+ on the Structure, Conductivity, and Electrochemical Stability of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes: Energy Storage Devices. J. Electron. Mater. 50, 1558–1571 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08706-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08706-6