Abstract
The electrical conduction and associated resistance switching mechanism of top electrode/WO3/bottom electrode devices [top electrode (TE): Ag, Ti; bottom electrode (BE): Pt, fluorine-doped tin oxide] have been investigated. The direction of switching and switching ability depended on both the top and bottom electrode material. Multiple electrical conduction mechanisms control the leakage current of such switching devices, including trap-controlled space-charge, ballistic, Ohmic, and Fowler–Nordheim tunneling effects. The transition between electrical conduction states is also linked to the switching (SET–RESET) process. This is the first report of ballistic conduction in research into resistive random-access memory. The associated resistive switching mechanisms are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.H. Jo, Doctoral Thesis, The University of Michigan, 2010.
S.Q. Liu, N.J. Wii, and A. Ignatiev, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2749 (2000).
Y. Watanabe, J.G. Bednorz, A. Bietsch, Ch Gerber, D. Widmer, A. Beck, and S.J. Wind, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3738 (2001).
R. Waser and M. Aono, Nat. Mater. 6, 833 (2007).
B.T. Phan and J. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 222906 (2008).
B.T. Phan and J. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 232102 (2009).
B.T. Phan, N.C. Kim, and J. Lee, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 54, 873 (2009).
B.T. Phan, T. Choi, A. Romanenko, and J. Lee, Solid-State Electron. 75, 43 (2012).
Y.C. Chen, C.F. Chen, C.T. Chen, J.Y. Yu, S. Wu, S.L. Lung, R. Liu, and C.Y. Lu, IEDM Tech. Dig. (2003), pp. 905–908.
B.J. Choi, D.S. Jeong, S.K. Kim, S. Choi, J.H. Oh, C. Rohde, H.J. Kim, C.S. Hwang, K. Szot, R. Waser, B. Reichenberg, and S. Tiedke, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 033715 (2005).
K. Jung, H. Seo, Y. Kim, H. Im, J.P. Hong, J.W. Park, and J.K. Lee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 052104 (2007).
A. Chen, S. Haddad, Y.C. Wu, Z. Lan, T.N. Fang, and S. Kaza, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 123517 (2007).
C.Y. Lin, C.Y. Wu, C. Hu, and T.Y. Tseng, J. Electrochem. Soc. 154, G189 (2007).
T. Le, H.C.S. Tran, V.H. Le, T. Tran, C.V. Tran, T.T. Vo, M.C. Dang, S.S. Kim, J. Lee, and B.T. Phan, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 60, 1087 (2012).
N.K. Pham, D.T. Nguyen, B.T.T. Dao, K.H.T. Ta, V.C. Tran, V.H. Nguyen, S.S. Kim, S. Maenosono, and B.T. Phan, J. Electron. Mater. 43, 2747 (2014).
T.B.T. Dao, K.N. Pham, Y.L. Cheng, S.S. Kim, and B.T. Phan, Curr. Appl. Phys. 14, 1707 (2014).
K.N. Pham, M.S. Choi, C.V. Tran, T.D. Nguyen, V.H. Le, T. Choi, J. Lee, and B.T. Phan, J. Electron. Mater. 44, 3395 (2015).
J.B. Park, K.P. Biju, S.J. Jung, W.T. Lee, J.M. Lee, S.H. Kim, S.S. Park, J.H. Shin, and H.S. Hwang, IEEE Electron Device Lett. 32, 476 (2011).
J.W. Seo, Doctoral Thesis, Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 2011.
D.S. Jeong, R. Thomas, R. Katiyar, J.F. Scott, H. Kohlstedt, A. Petraru, and C.S. Hwang, Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 076502 (2012).
Y.E. Syu, T.C. Chang, T.M. Tsa, G.W. Chang, K.C. Chang, Y.H. Tai, M.J. Tsai, Y.L. Wang, and S.M. Sze, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 022904 (2012).
B.U. Jang, A.I. Inamdar, J.M. Kim, W. Jung, H.S. Im, H.S. Kim, and J.P. Hong, Thin Solid Films 520, 5451 (2012).
D.S. Hong, Y.S. Chen, Y. Li, H.W. Yang, L.L. Wei, B.G. Shen, and J.R. Sun, Sci. Rep. 4, 4058 (2014).
J. Wua and J. Wang, J. Appl. Phys. 108, 034102 (2010).
W.Y. Yang and S.W. Rhee, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 232907 (2007).
N.F. Mott and R.W. Gurney, Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals (Oxford: Clarendon, 1940).
S.M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed., Vol. 1 (New York: Wiley, 1981), pp. 72–75.
C. Charles, N. Martin, M. Devel, J. Ollitrault, and A. Billard, Thin Solid Films 534, 275 (2013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ta, T.K.H., Pham, K. ., Dao, T.B. . et al. Understanding Electrical Conduction States in WO3 Thin Films Applied for Resistive Random-Access Memory. J. Electron. Mater. 45, 2423–2432 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4361-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-016-4361-4