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Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Internal Quality of the Continuous Casting Billet of a High Carbon Steel Using X-ray Computed Tomography

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Abstract

The internal quality of the continuous casting (CC) billet of a high carbon steel was three-dimensionally evaluated using X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). Internal defects were divided into porosities and large inclusions based on their sphericity. The porosities had a total number density of 1.62 #/mm3 and a total volume fraction of 449 ppm, while the number density and volume fraction of large inclusions were 0.383 #/mm3 and 68.6 ppm, respectively. The volume fraction of porosities increased gradually from the chilled layer toward the mixed zone of the billet, before increasing sharply in the equiaxed zone. Meanwhile, the number density of porosities increased sharply in both the mixed and equiaxed zones. There were three regions rich in large inclusions along the billet thickness: near the center of the equiaxed zone and the interfaces between the columnar and mixed zones. Two sources of large inclusions were proposed. The smaller inclusions (< 150 μm) with a significantly large quantity were estimated to mainly originate from endogenous inclusions generated by deoxidation or reoxidation, while the larger ones (> 150 μm) with a small quantity would mainly come from the entrainment of slag. Both the areal and bulk densities of the billet, 98.6 and 99.7 pct, respectively, were the smallest in the center of the equiaxed zone, which was consistent with the distribution of porosity defects and carbon segregation determined by traditional methods.

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Notes

  1. LECO is a trademark of LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51874031, 52174293, U1860206, and 51725402), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. FRF-BD-20-04A), the S&T Program of Hebei (Grant No. 20311004D), the High Steel Center (HSC), the Hebei Innovation Center of the Development and Application of High Quality Steel Materials, the Hebei International Research Center of Advanced and Intelligent Manufacturing of High Quality Steel Materials at Yanshan University, and the Beijing International Center of Advanced and Intelligent Manufacturing of High Quality Steel Materials (ICSM) at the University of Science and Technology Beijing.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Zhiyuan Hu, Wen Yang, Yanhui Zhang & Yuan Gao

  2. Department of Production Operation Service, CISDI Engineering Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 401122, China

    Xunhui Lei

  3. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China

    Lifeng Zhang

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  1. Zhiyuan Hu
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Hu, Z., Lei, X., Zhang, L. et al. Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Internal Quality of the Continuous Casting Billet of a High Carbon Steel Using X-ray Computed Tomography. Metall Mater Trans B 53, 1603–1616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02470-0

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