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Phase Equilibria in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO2 System in Reducing Atmosphere and in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO2-“Cu2O” System in Equilibrium with Liquid Copper Metal at 1250 °C (1523 K)

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Abstract

Recent experimental studies in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO2 system in reducing atmosphere demonstrated significant discrepancies with the current FactSage thermodynamic model developed using previous experimental data in this system in equilibrium with metallic iron and air. The present experimental study on phase equilibria in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO2-“Cu2O” system in equilibrium with liquid copper at 1250 °C (1523 K) at low copper oxide concentrations in slag was initiated and undertaken to resolve these discrepancies. A high-temperature equilibration–rapid quenching–electron-probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) technique using a primary phase substrate support and closed system approach with Cu metal introduced to determine effective equilibrium oxygen partial pressure from the Cumetal/Cu2Oslag equilibria was applied to provide accurate information on the liquidus and corresponding solid compositions in the spinel, willemite, and tridymite primary phase fields. The present results confirmed the accuracy of the FactSage model, resolved discrepancies, and demonstrated significant uncertainties in the recent studies by other authors on the system in the open reducing atmosphere. The present study shows how this closed system approach can be used to obtain key thermodynamic data on phase equilibria in systems containing volatile metal species, overcoming the limitations and uncertainties encountered in conventional open gas/condensed phase equilibration with these systems. The study highlights the importance of the focus on obtaining accurate experimental data and the risks of misleading information from inadequate experimental control and analysis. The study also demonstrates that continuing in-depth critical review and analysis of the elemental reactions taking place in complex systems is an essential step in phase equilibrium research.

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Notes

  1. JEOL is a trademark of Japan Electron Optics Ltd., Tokyo.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Nyrstar (Australia), Outotec Pty Ltd. (Australia), Aurubis AG (Germany), Umicore NV (Belgium), Kazzinc Ltd., Glencore (Kazakhstan), and the Australian Research Council Linkage Project No. LP150100783 for their financial support of this research. The authors acknowledge the support of the AMMRF, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, the University of Queensland (UQ). The authors are grateful to Dr. D. Shishin (UQ) and Mr. Maksym Shevchenko for valuable discussions in the early stages of the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pyrometallurgy Innovation Centre (PYROSEARCH), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia

    Taufiq Hidayat, Peter C. Hayes & Evgueni Jak

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  1. Taufiq Hidayat
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  2. Peter C. Hayes
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Correspondence to Taufiq Hidayat.

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Manuscript submitted November 27, 2017.

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Hidayat, T., Hayes, P.C. & Jak, E. Phase Equilibria in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO2 System in Reducing Atmosphere and in the ZnO-“FeO”-SiO2-“Cu2O” System in Equilibrium with Liquid Copper Metal at 1250 °C (1523 K). Metall Mater Trans B 49, 1766–1780 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1285-9

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