Abstract
A currently available commercial Calphad thermodynamic database was utilized to investigate its applicability to alloy design in the new class of Co-Ni-based γ′-strengthened high-temperature alloys. A simple primary design criterion was chosen: maximize the γ′ solvus temperature in the six-component Co-Ni-Al-Ti-W-Ta system while ensuring no formation of secondary, potentially deleterious phases. Secondary design considerations included the effects of alloying elements on equilibrium γ′ volume fraction and on solidus and liquidus temperatures. The identified composition, Co-30Ni-9Al-3Ti-7W-2Ta-0.1B (expressed in mole percent), representing a conservative estimate of the maximum allowable concentrations of alloying additions Al, Ti, W, and Ta, was subsequently produced and characterized. The experimentally measured γ′ solvus temperature of the new alloy was 1491 ± 3 K (1218 ± 3 °C), about 35 K (35 °C) above any previously reported two-phase γ−γ′ Co-(Ni)-based alloy. No secondary phases were observed in the alloy after annealing at temperatures between 1173 K and 1473 K (900 °C and 1200 °C). Additional alloy compositions with experimentally measured γ′ solvus temperatures in excess of 1533 K (1260 °C) were also identified employing the same basic approach. The efficacy of currently available thermodynamic databases in their application to Co-based γ′-strengthened superalloy development is discussed, including expanding design efforts to include additional alloying elements, as well as specific areas for improvement of future databases.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig6_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig7_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig9_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11661-017-4040-y/MediaObjects/11661_2017_4040_Fig10_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Mention of commercial products does not imply endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that such products or services are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
The alloy compositions throughout the text are designated by mole percent. For instance, an alloy described as 9Al-9W contains a mole percent of Al of 9 pct, a mole percent of W of 9 pct, and a balance of Co.
References
C.S. Lee: Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Arizona, 1971.
J. Sato, T. Omori, K. Oikawa, I. Ohnuma, R. Kainuma, K. Ishida: Science, 2006, vol. 312, pp. 90–91.
T.M. Pollock, J. Dibbern, M. Tsunekane, J. Zhu, A. Suzuki: JOM, 2010, vol. 62, pp. 58–63.
N.L. Okamoto, T. Oohashi, H. Adachi, K. Kishida, H. Inui, P. Veyssièère: Phil. Mag., 2011, vol. 91, pp. 3667–84.
K. Tanaka, M. Ooshima, N. Tsuno, A. Sato, H. Inui: Philos. Mag., 2012, vol. 92, pp. 4011–27.
L. Klein, A. Bauer, S. Neumeier, M. Göken, S. Virtanen: Corros. Sci., 2011, vol. 53, pp. 2027–34.
H.-Y. Yan, V.A. Vorontsov, D. Dye: Corros. Sci., 2014, vol. 83, 382–95.
Y.F. Cui, X. Zhang, G.L. Xu, W.J. Zhu, H.S. Liu, Z.P. Jin: J. Mater. Sci., 2011, vol. 46, pp. 2611–21.
J. Zhu, M.S. Titus, T.M. Pollock: J. Phase Equil. Diff., 2014, vol. 35, pp. 595–611.
S. Kobayashi, Y. Tsukamoto, T. Takasugi, H. Chinen, T. Omori, K. Ishida, S. Zaefferer: Intermetallics, 2009, vol. 17, pp. 1085–89.
Y. Tsukamoto, S. Kobayashi, T. Takasugi: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2010, vol. 654–656, pp. 448–51.
E.A. Lass, M.E. Williams, C.E. Campbell, K.-W. Moon, U.R. Kattner: J. Phase Equil. Diff., 2014, vol. 35, pp. 711–23.
E.A. Lass, R.D. Grist, M.E. Williams: J. Phase Equil. Diff., 2016, vol. 37, pp. 387–401.
Pandat: Computherm LLC, Madison, 2016.
PanCobalt Thermodynamic Database, Computherm LLC, Madison, 2014.
Thermocalc 2016a: Themo-Calc Software AB, Stockholm, Sweden, 2016.
TCNI8 Ni-based superalloy database, Themo-Calc Software AB, Stockholm, 2015.
H. Lukas, S.G. Fries, B. Sundman: Computational Thermodynamics: The CALPHAD Method, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.
C.H.P. Lupis: Chemical Thermodynamics of Materials, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1983, pp. 177–78.
F. Pyczak, A. Bauer, M. Göken, U. Lorenz, S. Neumeier, M. Oehring, J. Paul, N. Schell, A. Schreyer, A. Stark, F. Symanzik: J. Alloys Compd., 2015, vol. 632, pp. 110–15.
J.E. Saal, C. Wolverton: Acta Mater., 2013, vol. 61, pp. 2330–38.
R.K. Rhein, P.C. Dodge, M.-H. Chen, M.S. Titus, T.M. Pollock, A. Van der Ven, Phys. Rev. B, 2015, vol. 92, pp. 174117:1–7.
K. Shinagawa, T. Omori, J. Sato, K. Oikawa, I. Ohnuma, R. Kainuma, K. Ishida: Mater. Trans., 2008, vol. 49, pp. 1474–79.
A.T. Dinsdale, A.V. Khvan, A. Watson: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 30, pp. 1715–18.
M. Knop, P. Mulvey, F. Ismail, A. Radecka, K.M. Rahman, T.C. Lindley, B.A. Shollock, M.C. Hardy, M.P. Moody, T.L. Martin, P.A.J. Bagot, D. Dye: JOM, 2014, vol. 66, pp. 2495–2501.
S.K. Makineni, B. Nithin, K. Chattopadhyay: Acta Mater., 2015, vol. 85, pp. 85–94.
S. Neumeier, L.P. Freund, M. Göken: Scripta Mater., 2015, vol. 109, pp. 104–17.
M. Ooshima, K. Tanaka, N.L. Okamoto, K. Kishida, H. Inui: J. Alloys Compd., 2010, vol. 508, pp. 71–78.
A. Bauer, S. Neumeier, F. Pyczak, M. Göken: Scripta Mater., 2010, vol. 63, pp. 1197–1200.
T. Omori, K. Oikawa, J. Sato, I. Ohnuma, U.R. Kattner, R. Kainuma, K. Ishida: Intermetallics, 2013, vol. 32, pp. 274–83.
H.-Y. Yan, V.A. Vorontsov, D. Dye: Intermetallics, 2014, vol. 48, pp. 44–53.
K.V. Vamsi, S. Karthikeyan: Superalloys 2012, 2012, pp. 521–30.
I. Lopez-Galilea, C. Zenk, S. Neumeier, S. Huth, W. Theisen, M. Göken: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2014, vol. 17, pp. 741–47.
S. Kobayashi, Y. Tsukamoto, T. Takasugi: Intermetallics, 2011, vol. 19, pp. 1908–12.
F. Xue, H.J. Zhou, X.F. Ding, M.L. Wang, Q. Feng: Mater. Lett., 2013, vol. 112, pp. 215–18.
F. Xue, H.J. Zhou, Q. Feng: JOM, 2014, vol. 66, pp. 2486–94.
R.W. Jackson, M.S. Titus, M.R. Begley, T.M. Pollock: Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, vol. 289, pp. 61–68.
H.J. Zhou, W.D. Li, F. Xue, L. Zhang, X.H. Qu, Q. Feng: Superalloys 2016, 2016, pp. 981–90.
E.A. Lass: Co-(Ni)-Al-W alloy DSC measured temperatures: Curie, solvus, solidus, and liquidus temperatures. materialsdata.nist.gov, http://hdl.handle.net/11256/824, Accessed 1 October 2016.
E.A. Lass, D.J. Sauza, D.C. Dunand, D.N. Seidman: unpublished research, 2016.
A. Suzuki, T.M. Pollock: Acta Mater., 2008, vol. 56, pp. 1288–97.
A. Bauer, S. Neumeier, F. Pyczak, R.F. Singer, M. Göken: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, vol. 550, pp. 333–41.
S. Meher, R. Banerjee: Intermetallics, 2014, vol. 49, pp. 138–42.
S.K. Makineni, B. Nithin, D. Palanisamy, K. Chattopadhyay: J. Mater. Sci., 2016, vol. 51, pp. 7843–60.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted December 27, 2016.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lass, E.A. Application of Computational Thermodynamics to the Design of a Co-Ni-Based γ′-Strengthened Superalloy. Metall Mater Trans A 48, 2443–2459 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4040-y
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4040-y