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Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence

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Abstract

Summary

This study investigated the impact and non-impact sports on bone mineral density accrual in adolescents over 18 months. The impact sports were beneficial for bone health (accrual of bone density). In contrast, swimmers had similar or lower bone mineral density compared with the control group depending on the skeletal site.

Purpose

To investigate the impact and non-impact sports on bone mineral density (BMD) accrual in adolescents over a period of 18 months

Methods

The sample was composed of 71 adolescents, avarage age of 12.7 (± 1.7) years old at baseline. Bone outcomes were compared according to the loading of the sports practiced (impact sports, n = 33 [basketball, karate, and judo], non-impact sport, n = 18 [swimming], and control group, n = 20). Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) estimated through equation. The results were compared between the groups using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance.

Results

Adjusted aBMD at lower limbs, whole body less head (WBLH), and adjusted WBLH BMAD were significantly greater in the impact sport group than the non-impact sport group at all time points. Adjusted upper limbs aBMD was significantly higher at the impact sports group compared to the non-impact sport group at 9 months and 18 months, besides compared to the control group at baseline and 18 months. Non-impact sport group presented a significant lower adjusted aBMD compared with control group at lower limbs and WBLH at 9 months, and at 9 months and 18 months in WBLH BMAD. There was a significant interaction (time × sport group) at upper limbs (p = 0.042) and WBLH aBMD (p = 0.006), and WBLH BMAD (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Impact sports were more beneficial on accumulating aBMD and BMAD over a period of 18 months, while non-impact group (swimmers) had similar and lower aBMD and BMAD compared with the control group.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and the effort of the participants and their parents and coaches.

Funding

This study was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP (Process 2013/06963-5, 2015/13543-8, 2016/06920-2, 2017/09182-5, and 2018/24164-6). AOW received a grant from the FAPESP (2017/27234-2). SMJ received a grant from the FAPESP (2016/20354-0), and KRL received a grant from the FAPESP (2016/20377-0).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-900, Brazil

    Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete, André Oliveira Werneck, Santiago Maillane-Vanegas, Kyle Robinson Lynch & Romulo Araújo Fernandes

  2. Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Dimitris Vlachopoulos

  3. School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Fitzroy Victoria, 3065, Australia

    Geraldine Naughton

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  1. Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
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  2. Dimitris Vlachopoulos
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  4. Santiago Maillane-Vanegas
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  5. Kyle Robinson Lynch
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Correspondence to Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete.

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Agostinete, R.R., Vlachopoulos, D., Werneck, A.O. et al. Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence. Arch Osteoporos 15, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-020-00727-2

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