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Ionic and polaronic conduction in mixed ionic-electronic 98[20Li2O-xBi2O3-(80 − x)TeO2]-2Ag glass system

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Abstract

The ionic and polaronic conduction in mixed ionic electronic 98[20Li2O-xBi2O3-(80 − x)TeO2]-2Ag (x = 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 15 mol%) glasses had been analyzed with several theoretical models. The anomalous drop in logσDC for the investigated glass samples from x = 7 mol% to x = 11 mol% can be attributed to mixed ionic electronic effect (MIE) effect. The minimum in the MIE region is suggested to be due to a blocking effect on Li+ ion migration throughout the glass matrix. According to Almond-West formalism, the blocking Bi3+ ions to Li+ ions may induce high activation energy required for the formation of mobile carriers EC at x = 7 mol%, reducing the mobile Li+ ions available for ionic DC conductivity. Meanwhile, in ionic diffusion model, the blocking of Li+ ions may reduce the defect site concentration n at x = 11 mol% causing Li+ ions to migrate more slowly through the percolation channels. Anderson-Stuart activation energy EA analysis revealed that the accumulation of large BiO6 units in interstitial sites due to blocking effect may provide smaller size of interstitial openings for Li+ ions hence requiring high strain energy ES for ionic migration through the glass network. In addition, in the small polaron hopping model, the high number of BO units at x = 7 and 11 mol% may result in a decrease in density of states near Fermi level N(EF). The decrease in N(EF) may induce high activation energy W required for polaron hopping. Nonetheless, polaron hopping energy WH had a lower influence on total activation energy W than disordered energy WD, indicating that structural changes (BO/NBO formation) play a significant role in the polaron hopping mechanism.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express gratitude to the Research Management Centre (RMC), Universiti Teknologi MARA, for assistance throughout the research. This study was funded by Ministry of Higher Education through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) with code FRGS/1/2018/STG02/UITM/02/9.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), FRGS/1/2018/STG02/UITM/02/9. The funding source had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit it for publication.

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  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. S. Sutrisno & R. Hisam

  2. University of Cyberjaya, Persiaran Bestari, Cyber 11, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. S. Sutrisno

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All authors have significantly contributed to this research and manuscript. MSS: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, validation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. RH: funding acquisition, investigation, supervision, validation, writing—review and editing. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript.

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Sutrisno, M.S., Hisam, R. Ionic and polaronic conduction in mixed ionic-electronic 98[20Li2O-xBi2O3-(80 − x)TeO2]-2Ag glass system. Ionics 30, 271–283 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-023-05301-7

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