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Effects of bismuth doping on the physical and electrochemical properties of Na3V2-xBix (PO4)3/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) composite cathode materials

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Abstract

Na3V2-xBix(PO4)3/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) samples were prepared by a facile sol-gel method. Dependence of their physical and electrochemical properties on the amount of Bi3+ doping are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It is found that Bi3+ is substituted on the vanadium site without damage to the structure of Na3V2(PO4)3 compound. The Na3V1.97Bi0.03(PO4)3/C cathode materials demonstrate superior rate capability and delivered specific capacity of 116.3 and 77.4 mAh∙g−1 at charge-discharge of 0.1 C and 20 C (1 C =117.6 mA∙g−1), respectively. Circulating at a high current rate of 20 C, the discharge capacity of 67.3 mAh∙g−1 can be still reached, and the capacity can remain at 86.68% over 100 cycles. Na3V2-xBix(PO4)3/C composites possess an excellent electrochemical characteristic, which mainly ascribes to its nano-sized particles, stability in structure, and enhancement in ionic and electronic conductivity arose from Bi3+ doping.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Pillar Program of Sichuan Province (No. 2016GZ0393) and the Opening Foundation of Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Powder Metallurgy, Chengdu University (No. SC-FMYJ 2017-01 and No. SC-FMYJ 2017-03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, People’s Republic of China

    Zongjian Chai, Xiaodong Zhu, Shanhua Chen & Dongzhi Zhu

  2. Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Zongjian Chai & Haiying Fu

  3. College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaodong Zhu

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  1. Zongjian Chai
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Correspondence to Shanhua Chen.

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Chai, Z., Zhu, X., Chen, S. et al. Effects of bismuth doping on the physical and electrochemical properties of Na3V2-xBix (PO4)3/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.07) composite cathode materials. Ionics 27, 2409–2419 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04028-7

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