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A dynamic capacity fading model with thermal evolution considering variable electrode thickness for lithium-ion batteries

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Abstract

Capacity is one of the key parameters to characterize the performances of lithium-ion batteries. Heat generation analysis is essential to evaluate the safety of batteries. To figure out the effects of electrode thickness on capacity fade and thermal behaviors, a capacity fading model is proposed considering reaction kinetics and mass transfer processes on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers coupled with thermal evolution. Simulations are conducted on seven LiFePO4 batteries with variable electrode thicknesses. Results show that, with the increase of electrode thickness, the capacity losses of batteries deteriorate, and the total heat generation aggravates. For the battery with thick electrode, both the polarization overpotential and the gradient of lithium ion concentrations on particle surfaces of active materials increase on the edges, and then decrease perpendicularly to the cathodes. Under the adiabatic conditions, the temperature of battery (with anode 68 μm and cathode 140 μm) is increased to over 130 °C at the sixth cycle. The temperature of batteries declines when discharging in the beginning and then rises, which is noticeable for the batteries with thin electrodes. The proposed model and the simulation results would provide deep insights into both design and operation of batteries.

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Abbreviations

a s :

Active area per unit electrode volume, m2 m−3

c :

Concentration, mol m−3

c p :

Specific heat capacity, J kg−1 K−1

D :

Diffusion coefficient, m2 s−1

E a :

Active energy, kJ mol−1

f ± :

Electrolyte activity coefficient

F :

Faradays constant, 98465 C mol−1

h :

Convective heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1

i :

Reaction current, A m−2

i app :

Applied current density, A m−2

i loc :

Local current density, A m−2

i Li :

Reaction current for intercalation reaction, A m−2

i side :

Reaction current for side reaction, A m−2

k :

Reaction rate constant, m s−1

L :

Thickness, μm

M :

Molecular weight, kg mol−1

q rea :

Reaction heat generation, W m−3

q act :

Irreversible polarization heat generation, W m−3

q ohm :

Ohmic heat generation, W m−3

r :

Radial coordinate, m

R :

Universal gas constant, 8.314 J mol−1 K−1

R s :

Particle radius, m

R SEI :

Resistance of the SEI layer, Ω m2

S a :

Active area per unit electrode volume, m2 m−3

SOC :

States of charge

t :

Time, s

\( {t}_{+}^0 \) :

Transference number

T :

Temperature, K

u :

Growth rate of the SEI layer, m s−1

U :

Open circuit voltage (OCV), V

x :

x-coordinate, m

β :

Charge transfer coefficient.

δ :

Thickness of the SEI layer, nm

ε :

Porosity

η :

Overpotential, V

λ :

Thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1

ρ :

Density, kg m−3

σ :

Ionic conductivity, S m−1

ϕ :

Voltage, V

υ :

The product of thermodynamic factor

eff :

Effective

1 :

Solid phase

2 :

Electrolyte phase

EC :

Ethylene carbonate in electrolyte

j :

Anode, cathode or separator

max :

Maximum

n :

Anode

p :

Cathode

s :

Separator

side :

Side reaction

SEI :

SEI layer

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge funding by the projects (No. 21676211 and No. 21606174) sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The authors also gratefully acknowledge funding by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant 2016M592793).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049, People’s Republic of China

    Xiankun Huang, Shaoyong Ke, Haichao Lv & Yongzhong Liu

  2. Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049, People’s Republic of China

    Yongzhong Liu

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Correspondence to Yongzhong Liu.

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Huang, X., Ke, S., Lv, H. et al. A dynamic capacity fading model with thermal evolution considering variable electrode thickness for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 24, 3439–3450 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-018-2476-8

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