Abstract
Lichens produce diverse secondary metabolites. A diversity of these compounds is synthesized by fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs). In this study, we catalogued the PKS genes from Xanthoparmelia taractica, a lichen with global distribution. To accomplish this, we isolated the symbionts to sequence the whole genome of the mycobiont and established an in vitro co-culture system for this lichen. We also added an endolichenic fungus, Coniochaeta fibrosae, to this co-culture to evaluate its effect on lichen symbiosis. The genome of the mycobiont X. taractica was around 43.1 Mb with 10,730 ORFs. Twenty-eight PKS genes were identified in the genome. These included 27 Type I and one Type III gene. Except for three PKS genes, XTPKS12, XTPKS18, and XTPKS22, the function of the majority of PKS genes remained unknown. We selected these genes for the expression analyses using a co-culture system. The co-culture system that included the mycobiont and the photobiont showed an early stage of lichenization because the fungi produced a hyphal network connecting and penetrating the algal cells. Also, XTPKS12 was down-regulated and XTPKS18 and XTPKS22 were modestly up-regulated. As predicted, C. fibrosae did not participate in the symbiosis. This study reconfirms that Type I is the most dominant PKS gene in lichenized fungi and the function of these genes might be influenced by symbiosis.
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Data availability
All sequence data generated in this study (the genome sequence of X. taractica, Table S1 and S2) are available at NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/).
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. Lisong Wang of the Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Prof. Zuntian Zhao of Shandong Normal University for their assistance in identifying lichen specimens.
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This study was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No.: 31600100) and Open Fund for Instruments and Equipment of Shandong Normal University (2023.1, 2023.9).
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All authors contributed equally to the conception, writing and preparation of this manuscript. Primary isolations and preliminary identification of lichenized and algal species were completed by H Si, Y Su, and Y Wang. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses were completed by R Chang, T Bose, Y Su, and Y Wang. The co-culture systems were carried out by H Si, R Chang and Y Su. The manuscript was written by R Chang and T Bose, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. This study was supervised by H Si and R Chang. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Si, H., Su, Y., Wang, Y. et al. The effects of co-culture on the expression of selected PKS genes in the lichenized fungus Xanthoparmelia taractica. Mycol Progress 22, 41 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-023-01894-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-023-01894-5