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Antibiotic resistance in wastewater: origins, fate, and risks

Antibiotikaresistenz im Abwasser – Ursprung, Verhängnis und Risiken

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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing worldwide and threatens our capacity to treat infectious diseases. Recently, special attention has been given to the environment in the cycling of antibiotic resistance from and to humans. In urban areas, wastewater treatment plants represent a critical point of resistance propagation, since the discharge of domestic, hospital, and industrial effluents into municipal collectors mixes together human commensal, pathogenic, and environmental bacteria and high loads of antibiotic residues. Today we observe that wastewater bacteria have a high prevalence of resistance to antibiotics used in the last few decades. In parallel, resistance determinants recently detected in clinical settings are regularly observed in wastewater, suggesting a rapid propagation to the environment. The residues of antimicrobial compounds and some heavy metals play an important role in the propagation of resistance, not only during wastewater treatment but also after the discharge into the environment. Currently, it is not possible to estimate the probability of resistant bacteria or genes reaching humans, but direct transmission seems highly unlikely. However, the contamination of surface water and soil may represent a source of transmission to humans, via the food chain, drinking water, or leisure activities.

Zusammenfassung

Antimikrobielle Resistenzen nehmen weltweit zu und bedrohen damit unsere Leistungsfähigkeit, infektiöse Krankheiten zu behandeln. Zuletzt wurde den Antibiotikaresistenzen in der Umwelt und deren Kreislauf vom und zum Menschen besondere Beachtung geschenkt. In urbanen Gebieten sind Kläranlagen ein kritischer Punkt für die Verbreitung von resistenten Bakterien, da hier durch die Einleitung von Abwässern aus Privathaushalten, Krankenhäusern und der Industrie in die kommunale Kanalisation, eine Vereinigung von kommensalen, pathogenen und natürlichen Bakterien sowie großer Mengen von Antibiotikarückständen stattfindet.

Heutzutage beobachten wir, dass Bakterien im Abwasser mit großer Prävalenz Resistenzen gegen Antibiotika ausgebildet haben, die über Jahrzehnte verwendet wurden. Außerdem werden heute Resistenzdeterminanten, welche in Krankenhäusern nachgewiesen wurden, regelmäßig im Abwasser detektiert, was eine schnelle Ausbreitung in die Umwelt vermuten lässt. Nicht nur während der Abwasserbehandlung, sondern ebenso nach dem Eintrag in die Umwelt stellen Antibiotikarückstände und einige Schwermetalle wichtige Faktoren für die Resistenzverbreitung dar. Im Moment ist nicht abzuschätzen, inwieweit resistente Bakterien oder Gene den Menschen erreichen, wobei die direkte Übertragung äußerst unwahrscheinlich scheint. Die Kontamination von Oberflächenwasser und Erdboden könnte jedoch über die Nahrungskette, Trinkwasser oder Freizeitaktivitäten eine Quelle für die Übertragung auf den Menschen darstellen.

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Correspondence to Celia M. Manaia PhD.

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Manaia, C. Antibiotic resistance in wastewater: origins, fate, and risks. Präv Gesundheitsf 9, 180–184 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-014-0452-3

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