Abstract
The prevalence of HIV among people in correctional facilities remains much higher than that of the general population. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and acceptability of HIV treatment for individuals incarcerated in US prisons and jails. However, the period following incarceration is characterized by significant disruptions in HIV care. These disruptions include failure to link in a timely manner (or at all) to community care post-release, as well as not being retained in care after linking. We used a retrospective, propensity-matched cohort design to compare retention in care between HIV-positive individuals recently released from prison (releasees) who linked to care in Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) clinics and RWHAP patients without a recent incarceration history (community controls). We also performed analyses comparing viral load suppression of those retained in both groups. This study shows that even for those who do successfully link to care after prison, they are 24 to 29 percentage points less likely to be retained in care than those already in community care. However, we found that for those who did retain in care, there was no disparity in rates of viral suppression. These findings provide valuable insight regarding how best to address challenges associated with ensuring that HIV-positive individuals leaving prison successfully move through the HIV care continuum to become virally suppressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Spaulding AC, Seals RM, Page MJ, Brzozowski AK, Rhodes W, Hammett TM. HIV/AIDS among inmates of and releasees from US correctional facilities, 2006: declining share of epidemic but persistent public health opportunity. PloS one. 2009;4(11):e7558.
Mostashari F, Riley E, Selwyn PA, Altice FL. Acceptance and adherence with antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected women in a correctional facility. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1998;18(4):341–8.
Altice FL, Mostashari F, Friedland GH. Trust and the acceptance of and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;28(1):47–58.
Baillargeon J, Giordano TP, Rich JD, et al. Accessing antiretroviral therapy following release from prison. JAMA. 2009;301(8):848–57.
Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Pendo M, Loughran E, Estes M, Katz M. Highly active antiretroviral therapy use and HIV transmission risk behaviors among individuals who are HIV infected and were recently released from jail. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(4):661–6.
Iroh PA, Mayo H, Nijhawan AE. The HIV care cascade before, during, and after incarceration: a systematic review and data synthesis. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(7):e5–e16.
White House Office of National AIDS Policy. National HIV/AIDS strategy for the United States National HIV Updated to 2020. In: Policy WHOoNA, ed. Washington D.C.: The White House; 2015.
Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ. The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(6):793–800.
Giordano TP, Gifford AL, White AC, et al. Retention in care: a challenge to survival with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(11):1493–9.
Yehia BR, French B, Fleishman JA, et al. Retention in care is more strongly associated with viral suppression in HIV-infected patients with lower versus higher CD4 counts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999). 2014;65(3):333.
Mizuno Y, Julia Z, Crepaz N, et al. Receipt of HIV/STD prevention counseling by HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the United States. AIDS (London, England). 2014;28(3):407.
Panel on antiretroviral guidelines for adults and adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services; 2016.
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493–505.
Skarbinski J, Rosenberg E, Paz-Bailey G, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission at each step of the care continuum in the United States. JAMA Int Med. 2015;175(4):588.
Montague BT, Rosen DL, Sammartino C, et al. Systematic assessment of linkage to care for persons with HIV released from corrections facilities using existing datasets. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2016;30(2):84–91.
Health Resources & Service Administration. About the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program. 2016; https://hab.hrsa.gov/about-ryan-white-hivaids-program/about-ryan-white-hivaids-program.
Montague BT, Rosen DL, Solomon L, et al. Tracking linkage to HIV care for former prisoners: a public health priority. Virulence. 2012;3(3):319–24.
Gutman R, Sammartino C, Green T, Montague B. Error adjustments for file linking methods using encrypted unique client identifier (eUCI) with application to recently released prisoners who are HIV+. Stat Med. 2016;35(1):115–29.
Doshi RK, Milberg J, Isenberg D, et al. High rates of retention and viral suppression in United States HIV safety net system: HIV care continuum in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, 2011. Clin Infect Dis; 2014:ciu722.
Health Resources & Service Administration. Performance Measure Portfolio. Ryan White & Global HIV/AIDS Programs; 2016.
Cormen TH, Leiserson CE, Rivest RL, Stein C. Introduction to algorithms. Vol 6. Cambridge: MIT press; 2001.
Rubin DB. Using propensity scores to help design observational studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Serv Outcome Res Methodol. 2001;2:169–88.
Wohl DA, Golin CE, Knight K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an intervention to maintain suppression of HIV viremia after prison release: the imPACT trial. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(1):81–90.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 90-90-90: an ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic; 2014. JC26842015.
Mugavero MJ, Westfall AO, Zinski A, et al. Measuring retention in HIV care: the elusive gold standard. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999). 2012;61(5):574.
Orlando M, Burnam MA, Beckman R, et al. Re-estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample of persons receiving care for HIV: results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2002;11(2):75–82.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the personnel at the Rhode Island and North Carolina prison systems who facilitated this project, including Fritz Vohr, MD, Jeff Renzi, Jacquelyn Clymore and David Edwards. We also would like to acknowledge the LINCS advisory board for its support of this work including Joanna Buffington, MD, Peter Leone, MD, A. T. Wall, JD.
Funding
This research was supported by the NIDA Grant R01DA 030778.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Costa, M., Montague, B.T., Solomon, L. et al. Assessing the Effect of Recent Incarceration in Prison on HIV Care Retention and Viral Suppression in Two States. J Urban Health 95, 499–507 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0255-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0255-5