FormalPara Key Points

Bintrafusp alfa is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein that was designed for colocalized, simultaneous inhibition of two nonredundant immunosuppressive pathways, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), within the tumor microenvironment.

In this expansion cohort of a phase 1 study, bintrafusp alfa had a manageable safety profile and demonstrated clinical activity in Asian patients with pretreated, PD-L1–unselected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Along with the results of an expansion cohort of patients with advanced, post-platinum esophageal adenocarcinoma from a separate phase 1 study described in the accompanying article, further investigation of bintrafusp alfa in esophageal cancer is warranted.

1 Background

Globally, esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancer types, causing more than 500,000 deaths in 2018 [1]. The prognosis is poor for patients with esophageal cancer, and the age-standardized 5-year survival rates range from 10 to 30% after correction for background mortality [2]. Additionally, the majority of patients have advanced disease at diagnosis, with 5-year survival rates below 10% [3].

The incidence of esophageal cancers varies geographically, with eastern Asia having the highest regional incidence in the world [1]. Furthermore, the histologic subtypes of esophageal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC), also vary by region and etiology. Esophageal SCC accounts for approximately 90% of all esophageal cancer cases, most of which occur in China [1, 4]. Other Asian countries also have high rates of esophageal SCC, with an increasing incidence in Taiwan and Japan [4,5,6]. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drinking hot mate tea, chewing betel quid, and human papillomavirus infection have all been suggested to increase the risk of esophageal SCC, which is most common in males [4, 7].

Genetic analysis of esophageal SCC has identified recurring alterations in CCND1, TP53, SOX2, and TP63 within cancer cells that can potentially impact disease development and progression [8]. Other factors can act outside of tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote disease progression [9]. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a cytokine that can impact a wide array of functions in the TME and tumor cells [10, 11]. TGFβ signaling is complex, often acting as a tumor suppressive pathway in early stages of disease across cancers, including esophageal SCC [11, 12]. However, in later stages of disease, TGFβ can have a tumor-promoting role and be upregulated in advanced esophageal SCC [11,12,13,14,15]. The TGFβ pathway can promote cancer progression and immune evasion in the TME via regulatory effects on immune cells, and may impact processes such as angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [10, 16]. Stimulation with recombinant TGFβ1 in preclinical studies led to an increase in mesenchymal markers and invasion capabilities of esophageal SCC cell lines [17].

Unlike in patients with esophageal AC, targeted therapies were not historically recommended for patients with esophageal SCC. Treatment was limited to standard chemotherapy, with a median overall survival (OS) < 1 year for patients with pretreated esophageal SCC [18,19,20,21,22]. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have offered a new therapeutic approach for esophageal SCC. Results of the global phase 3 KEYNOTE-181 trial showed that second-line treatment with pembrolizumab improved median OS compared with chemotherapy in a subgroup of patients with esophageal SCC tumors expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (combined positive score [CPS] ≥ 10; 10.3 vs 6.7 months) [23]. An improvement in median OS was also observed with second-line pembrolizumab treatment in an extension of this study in Chinese patients with tumors expressing PD-L1 (12.0 vs 5.4 months) [24]. A similar trend was reported in the phase 2 KEYNOTE-180 study of pembrolizumab in patients with PD-L1–positive esophageal SCC that progressed after two or more lines of systemic therapy, in which treatment with pembrolizumab resulted in a high objective response rate (ORR) and long duration of response [25, 26]. These studies led to regulatory approvals of pembrolizumab for patients who had PD-L1–positive (CPS ≥ 10) esophageal SCC with disease progression after one prior line of therapy in China and one or more prior lines of therapy in the United States [24, 25]. Of note, interim analysis of the global phase 3 KEYNOTE-590 trial demonstrated that first-line treatment with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (fluorouracil plus cisplatin) improved median OS versus chemotherapy (12.6 vs 9.8 months) [27], which has resulted in priority review for pembrolizumab in the first-line treatment of patients with locally advanced unresectable or metastatic esophageal cancer [28]. Findings from the ATTRACTION-3 study, which evaluated second-line nivolumab treatment in esophageal SCC, showed a 2.5-month improvement in median OS when compared with chemotherapy (10.9 vs 8.4 months) [29]. These results led to the approval of nivolumab in Japan and the United States for unresectable, advanced or recurrent esophageal cancer that progressed following chemotherapy. However, the overall efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapies in patients who progressed following chemotherapy and regardless of PD-L1 status was limited; ORRs ranged from 14 to 19%, and the median OS ranged from 6.8 to 10.9 months [23, 26, 29, 30].

Interestingly, multiple preclinical studies have shown that blocking TGFβ can enhance the antitumor effect of PD-(L)1 inhibitors and that the combined use of a TGFβ blocker and an anti–PD-(L)1 agent improve efficacy over either agent alone in mouse models [31,32,33,34]. Bintrafusp alfa is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the human TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII or TGFβ “trap”) fused via a flexible linker to the C-terminus of each heavy chain of the IgG1 antibody blocking PD-L1 (anti–PD-L1) [35]. Bintrafusp alfa is designed for colocalized, simultaneous inhibition of two nonredundant immunosuppressive pathways (TGFβ and PD-L1) within the TME [35]. This may provide an enhanced treatment effect, potentially improving clinical benefit compared with anti–PD-(L)1 monotherapies [35,36,37].

In two phase 1 studies (NCT02517398 and NCT02699515), bintrafusp alfa had a manageable safety profile and preliminary signs of clinical efficacy in patients with heavily pretreated advanced solid tumors [38,39,40]. In this report, we present results from an expansion cohort of a phase 1 study with the objective of investigating the safety and efficacy of bintrafusp alfa in Asian patients with pretreated, PD-L1–unselected esophageal SCC.

2 Patients and Methods

2.1 Study Design and Participants

NCT02699515 is a phase 1, open-label study that investigated the safety and efficacy of bintrafusp alfa in Asian patients with heavily pretreated solid tumors, and included multiple expansion cohorts in specific tumor types. This work describes the esophageal SCC expansion cohort, which enrolled patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed disease for whom standard therapy did not exist or had failed. Eligible patients were aged 20 years or older with measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1) and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1, a life expectancy of ≥ 12 weeks, and adequate renal, hepatic, and hematological function. Additionally, the availability of tumor (primary or metastatic) archival material or fresh biopsies taken within 28 days before the first administration of bintrafusp alfa was required for eligibility. Patients were not selected based on PD-L1 expression or other biomarkers. Patients with a history of central nervous system metastases or who had received prior therapy with TGFβ(R)-targeting agents or immune checkpoint inhibitors were ineligible for this study.

2.2 Treatment and Assessments

Patients received bintrafusp alfa at the recommended phase 2 dose of 1200 mg via intravenous infusion over 1 h once every 2 weeks for up to 12 months until confirmed disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or trial withdrawal [41]. A flat dose of 1200 mg every 2 weeks was selected as the recommended phase 2 dose of bintrafusp alfa based on safety/tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic data, as well as preliminary population pharmacokinetic and exposure-response modeling of phase 1 data [41, 42]. Additional treatment beyond 12 months could be permissible if the investigator believed a patient may benefit. Dose reductions were not allowed. Responses were assessed by imaging every 6 weeks during the treatment period and every 12 weeks following treatment until disease progression. Additional scans were performed to confirm all responses, and disease progression was confirmed by additional scans. An independent review committee reviewed all radiographic images and performed a blinded determination as to whether the criteria for tumor response or progression according to RECIST 1.1 had been met. Safety assessments, such as performance status evaluation, physical examination, and clinical laboratory tests, were performed routinely throughout the study, and adverse events (AEs) were documented at every visit. An additional safety follow-up visit was planned 28 days after the last study dose or before the start of a new treatment (whichever occurred first). Safety continued to be evaluated 10 weeks after treatment. AEs were classified and graded with the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.03. Any AE that was believed to be a potential immune-related or potential TGFβ-related event was considered an AE of special interest. A list of preselected terms from the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities version 21.0 was used to identify immune-related AEs (irAEs).

2.3 Endpoints

The safety and tolerability of bintrafusp alfa were the primary endpoint for this expansion cohort. Key secondary endpoints were confirmed best overall response according to RECIST 1.1, duration of response, disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and OS. Exploratory endpoints included the evaluation of potential predictive markers in tumors, including PD-L1 expression and immune phenotype.

2.4 Exploratory Endpoints

Immunohistochemistry was used to measure PD-L1 expression of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue using an anti–PD-L1 antibody clone 73-10 (Dako PD-L1 IHC 73-10 pharmDx; Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). PD-L1 expression was determined on tumor cells and on cells of the TME. The data presented here are based on the percentage of tumor cells expressing PD-L1, using a threshold of 1% to characterize tumors as either PD-L1 positive (≥ 1%) or negative (< 1%).

RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was also performed to determine whether specific tumor characteristics correlated with response to bintrafusp alfa. RNAseq was performed by Asuragen (Austin, TX, USA) using standard protocols based on ribosomal depletion from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tumor samples. Sequencing reads were aligned against the Ensembl 75 human genome (GRCh37 February 2014) with Bowtie2 version 2.2.3 (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA) [43]. Gene expression was determined using RSEM version 1.2.31 and Ensembl gene annotations. Hypothesis testing was performed by comparing RSEM-computed expected counts, and transcript-per-million values were upper-quartile normalized and log transformed for additional analysis [44]. To test whether TGFB1 gene expression was higher in this cohort than others across different expansion cohorts from phase 1 studies of bintrafusp alfa (NCT02699515 and NCT02517398), limma + voom was applied, modeling expression as a function of indication [45]. Patient samples that passed quality control (N = 537, including 28 esophageal SCC samples) were analyzed. All genes were tested with ≥ 10 reads in ≥ 20 samples. We report p values for differential expression adjusted for testing of all genes.

Tumor mutation count was measured with an RNAseq-based variant for which tumor RNAseq data was combined with normal germline whole-exome sequencing to identify tumor-specific mutations. Illumina HiSeq System (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to sequence tumor samples at 2 × 50 to a target of 108 read pairs. Whole-exome sequencing was performed by Expression Analysis (Research Triangle Park, NC, USA) from matched peripheral blood samples using an Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V5 kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Sequencing was done on an Illumina HiSeq System with a target of 100 × coverage. Tumor RNAseq reads were mapped to hg19 and the Ensembl gene annotations (ensGene, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA) using RNA-STAR version 2.5.0b, and whole-exome reads were mapped to hg19 using BWA-MEM version 0.7.12 [46, 47]. Mutation calling was performed on paired BAM files using VarDictJava version 1.4.2; resulting mutations were annotated with the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor version 85 to determine the location and type of mutation [48, 49]. The tumor mutation count for a given patient was determined as the total count of all missense mutations discovered for that sample.

Immune phenotype was determined using immunohistochemistry (PD-L1 stain and negative control) and hematoxylin and eosin stains of patient samples. We applied an exploratory classification system; samples were classified as (1) inflamed (immune cells in direct physical contact with tumor cells), (2) immune-excluded (≥ 1% of the tumor stroma area populated by lymphocytes, immune cells possibly located in the immediate vicinity of tumor cells, but have not efficiently infiltrated tumor cell clusters, and very infrequent physical contact between lymphocytes and tumor cells), or (3) immune-desert (< 1% of the tumor stroma area populated by lymphocytes, no dense immune cell infiltrates, and no contact of immune cells with tumor cells) [50,51,52,53]. A pathologist who was masked to the response data was responsible for scoring the scanned images and assigning the respective phenotype.

2.5 Statistical Analysis

The goal of this expansion cohort was to explore the initial clinical activity of bintrafusp alfa in esophageal SCC, which was viewed as hypothesis generating. Thirty patients were planned for this expansion cohort. This sample size was determined to obtain preliminary estimates of efficacy. Data presented here were from a follow-up analysis performed based on a data cutoff approximately 1.2 years after the last patient was enrolled. The ORR was defined as the proportion of patients achieving a confirmed best overall response of complete or partial response. A 95% Clopper-Pearson confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the ORR. DCR was defined as the proportion of patients with a best overall response of complete response, partial response, stable disease, or non-complete response/non-progressive disease. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to assess duration of response, PFS, and OS.

3 Results

3.1 Patient Demographics and Characteristics

Between January 11, 2017, and June 22, 2017, 44 patients with esophageal SCC were screened; 30 patients from ten centers in Asia met the eligibility criteria and received bintrafusp alfa. Of these, 17 patients (56.7%) were Japanese, ten (33.3%) were Taiwanese, and three (10.0%) were Korean. The median age was 60 years (range 40–80), and most had an ECOG performance status of 1 (n = 21 [70.0%]). The study population was heavily pretreated, with 76.7% of patients having received two or more prior anticancer therapy regimens and 50.0% of patients having received two or more prior lines of therapy for locally advanced or metastatic disease. Approximately half of the patients (n = 14 [46.7%]) had PD-L1–positive tumors. Detailed baseline characteristics are described in Table 1. Fifteen patients (50.0%) received one or more types of subsequent anticancer treatment following bintrafusp alfa, of whom 14 patients received cytotoxic therapy.

Table 1 Patient baseline and disease characteristics
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As of August 24, 2018, 30 patients received bintrafusp alfa for a median duration of 6.1 (range 2.0–74.1) weeks. The Kaplan–Meier analysis of follow-up time since first dose was 67.5 (range 0.4–80.9) weeks. Two patients (6.7%) remained on treatment at data cutoff. Among the patients who terminated treatment, the most common reason was disease progression (n = 21 [70.0%]), followed by AEs (n = 4 [13.3%]), death (n = 2 [6.7%]), and withdrawal of consent (n = 1 [3.3%]).

3.2 Safety

Nineteen patients (63.3%) reported any-grade treatment-related AEs (TRAEs); the most common were maculopapular rash (n = 6 [20.0%]), hypothyroidism and rash (n = 5 [16.7%] each), and interstitial lung disease (ILD), keratoacanthoma (KA), and pruritus (n = 3 [10.0%] each) (Table 2). Grade ≥ 3 TRAEs occurred in seven patients (23.3%), including grade 3 amylase increased, eczema, lichenoid keratosis, lip SCC, rash, maculopapular rash (n = 1 [3.3%] each), and grade 4 blood creatine phosphokinase increased and ILD (n = 1 [3.3%] each). The patient with grade 4 blood creatine phosphokinase increase also experienced grade 3 amylase increase. The grade 4 ILD was later re-evaluated by the investigator as grade 3 pneumonia, which resolved within 2 weeks following treatment with parenteral antibiotics and steroids. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Three patients (10.0%) discontinued bintrafusp alfa due to TRAEs, including eczema, lip SCC, and maculopapular rash. One of these patients developed an itchy rash 3 days after the most recent administration of bintrafusp alfa (17 days after the first dose). The rash worsened from grade 1 to 3 over the course of a week, eventually leading to permanent discontinuation of study treatment. Eczema was diagnosed, treated with oral and topical steroids, and completely resolved 4 weeks after the initial onset. Another patient developed lip SCC and, based on the decision of the investigator, permanently discontinued bintrafusp alfa. The patient was treated with surgical excision of the lesion and received prophylactic antibiotics and local tetracycline for 1 week after the procedure; the AE was considered to be resolved after this treatment. The remaining discontinuation due to TRAEs occurred in a patient who developed grade 1 maculopapular rash 6 days after their second infusion of bintrafusp alfa; no relevant medical history or concomitant medications were documented. The rash was considered to be an irAE and was treated with topical steroids. The AE increased to grade 2, leading to permanent discontinuation of bintrafusp alfa after a total of six infusions. The patient was lost to follow-up, and a phone interview 6 months after discontinuation revealed that the condition had become chronic and was ongoing. irAEs occurred in 12 patients (40.0%) (Table 2, Supplementary Table S1, see the electronic supplementary material). There were no infusion-related reactions that were assessed by the investigator as being related to bintrafusp alfa. Skin lesions that may potentially be related to TGFβ were reported in four patients (13.3%); all of these lesions were grade ≤ 3 (KA [n = 3]; hyperkeratosis, lip SCC, and SCC of skin [n = 1 each], Table 2, Supplementary Table S1).

Table 2 TRAEs occurring at any grade in ≥ 5% of patients or of grade 3/4 severity, and any AEs of special interest
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3.3 Efficacy

Partial responses occurred in three patients, as assessed by the independent review committee (confirmed ORR 10.0% [95% CI 2.1–26.5]) (Table 3, Fig. 1a). Six patients had investigator-assessed partial responses (confirmed ORR 20.0% [95% CI 7.7–38.6]) (Supplementary Table S2, see the electronic supplementary material). The independent review committee–assessed median duration of response was 7.0 (range 2.8–8.3+) months with one ongoing response at data cutoff (Fig. 1b). Six additional patients (20.0%) experienced disease control, resulting in a DCR of 30.0% (95% CI 14.7–49.4).

Table 3 Treatment response to bintrafusp alfa (N = 30)
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Tumor response to bintrafusp alfa assessed by independent review. a Best change in sum of diameters and tumor mutation count. A threshold of 1% was used to characterize tumors as either PD-L1 positive (≥ 1%) or negative (< 1%) using an anti–PD-L1 antibody clone 73-10. Three patients had non-evaluable PD-L1 expression. b Time to and duration of response. The upper dashed line represents progression at 20% increase in size of target lesions, and the lower dashed line represents the RECIST boundary for PR at 30% decrease in size of target lesions. Ten patients are not shown due to having either no target lesions identified by independent review committee prior to the first dose (n = 6), no post-baseline assessment (n = 2), or other reasons (n = 2). NE not evaluable, PD progressive disease, PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1, PR partial response, RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, SD stable disease. aTumor mutation count unavailable. bPatient had a best change in sum of diameters of > 30% that did not meet the criteria for a PR at the next tumor assessment

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The median PFS was 1.4 (95% CI 1.3–2.8), with a 6-month PFS rate of 21.4% (95% CI 8.7–37.8), per independent review committee assessment (Fig. 2a). Similar results were obtained by investigator read, with a median PFS of 1.4 months (95% CI 1.3–4.2) and 6-month rates of 27.6% (95% CI 13.1–44.3) (Supplementary Figure S1). Median OS was 11.9 (95% CI 5.7–not reached) months in the cohort. The OS rate was 68.6% (95% CI 48.2–82.3) at 6 months and 46.4% (95% CI 27.4–63.5) at 12 months (Fig. 2b).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Survival outcomes. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for a independent review committee-assessed PFS and b OS. CI confidence interval, NR not reached, OS overall survival, PFS progression-free survival

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3.4 Biomarker Analyses

The three partial responses by independent review committee assessment occurred in PD-L1–positive tumors; however, responses by investigator assessment were observed independently of tumor cell PD-L1 expression (Table 3). Additionally, responses occurred independently of PD-L1 expression in the TME, regardless of whether determined by independent review committee or investigator (data not shown). Immune phenotype analysis showed all responses occurred in tumors with an immune-excluded phenotype (Fig. 3a). The ORR by independent review committee was 0% in the inflamed, 12.0% in the immune-excluded, and 0% in the immune-desert phenotypes. However, response to bintrafusp alfa was observed independently of tumor mutation count or expression of genes associated with an active immune pathway (such as CD8A, CD8B, and IFNG) or genes commonly associated with TGFβ activation (such as TGFB1, TWIST1, and VIM) (Figs. 1a, 3b–g). The average tumor TGFB1 expression level in this esophageal SCC cohort was 71.9% higher (false discovery rate–adjusted p < 0.002) than in an esophageal AC cohort from a separate phase 1 study of bintrafusp alfa [54]. The same trend was also observed for TGFB3; however, the difference was not significant (false discovery rate–adjusted p = 0.426). TGFB2 expression was 49.1% lower in patients with esophageal SCC than in those with esophageal AC (false discovery rate–adjusted p = 0.049) (Supplementary Figure S2, see the electronic supplementary material). Furthermore, TGFB1 expression in these patient samples was 57.4% higher (false discovery rate–adjusted p < 0.0001) and TGFB2 expression was 51.8% lower (false discovery rate–adjusted p = 0.003) than in other tumor cohorts tested across phase 1 trials of bintrafusp alfa; there was no significant difference in TGFB3 expression (false discovery rate–adjusted p = 0.492).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Exploratory biomarker analysis by confirmed best overall response to bintrafusp alfa per independent review committee assessment. a Immune phenotype analysis. b Gene expression analysis; 2 patients with confirmed best overall responses of PD were not included in the RNAseq analysis due to failing QC. CR complete response, IFNG interferon gamma, NE not evaluable, PD progressive disease, PR partial response, QC Quality control, RNAseq RNA sequencing, SD stable disease, TGFB1 transforming growth factor-β 1, TPM transcript per million, TWIST1 twist family bHLH transcription factor 1, VIM vimentin

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4 Discussion

Bintrafusp alfa had a manageable safety profile in this cohort of 30 Asian patients with heavily pretreated, PD-L1–unselected esophageal SCC, with low rates of grade 3/4 TRAEs and no treatment-related deaths. The safety findings reported here are similar to those reported with immune checkpoint inhibitors across indications, with the exception of irAEs and potentially TGFβ-related skin lesions [23, 26, 29, 30, 55,56,57,58,59,60]. These AEs, such as KAs, have also been observed with another TGFβ-inhibiting agent [61]. In this study, potentially TGFβ-related skin lesions were well managed and led to discontinuation of bintrafusp alfa in one patient. Overall, the safety profile observed for bintrafusp alfa in patients with esophageal SCC was consistent with results from an esophageal AC cohort in a separate study and other solid tumor types [38, 39, 54].

The efficacy results reported here show signs of clinical activity, with confirmed ORRs of 10.0% and 20.0% by independent review committee and investigator assessments, respectively. Furthermore, treatment with bintrafusp alfa achieved a high median OS of 11.9 months and a 12-month OS rate of 46.4% in a PD-L1–unselected population. Although direct comparisons cannot be made between trials due to key differences in study design, the median OS observed with bintrafusp alfa in this study is higher than values from large clinical trials of similar populations treated with PD-1 inhibitors (range 6.8–10.9 months) [23, 26, 29, 30, 59]. Larger studies with an active comparator are needed in order to determine the clinical benefit of bintrafusp alfa in esophageal SCC.

Responses were observed independent of PD-L1 expression, occurring in both PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative disease. Additional studies investigating bintrafusp alfa in a larger population would be needed to confirm whether PD-L1 expression has an impact on the efficacy of bintrafusp alfa in esophageal SCC.

Results of the exploratory analyses showed that response to bintrafusp alfa was independent of tumor mutation count. However, a higher mutation count was observed in this esophageal SCC cohort than in patients with esophageal AC from a separate phase 1 study (NCT02517398) [54]. Analysis of archival tumor samples showed significant differences in the average expression levels of TGFB1 (higher) and TGFB2 (lower) in this cohort compared with other tumor cohorts from phase 1 studies of bintrafusp alfa, including esophageal AC. TGFβ signaling is thought to have a role in limiting T cell infiltration in the TME and is associated with lack of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, especially in tumors with an immune-excluded phenotype [31, 62]. In mice models of immune-excluded cancers, studies have shown a significant increase in tumor-infiltrating T cells and a significant reduction in tumor burden when using both a TGFβ inhibitor and PD-L1 inhibitor [31]. In this study, responses to bintrafusp alfa were only seen in tumors with an immune-excluded phenotype. Interestingly, in an esophageal AC cohort from the other phase 1 study, all but one response to bintrafusp alfa also occurred in patients with immune-excluded tumors [54]. Taken together, the results of the exploratory analyses did not identify predictive biomarkers of response to bintrafusp alfa in this small cohort.

Limitations of this study include the small number of patients and lack of a comparator arm, which preclude any definitive conclusions regarding comparisons of bintrafusp alfa with other treatments. Additionally, enrollment was restricted to Asian patients, and therefore the efficacy of bintrafusp alfa in esophageal SCC was not evaluated in other ethnic groups. Nevertheless, the results from this cohort highlight the efficacy of a novel anticancer agent in patients from eastern Asia, which has a high incidence of esophageal SCC [1].

Taken together, the safety profile of bintrafusp alfa in this study was manageable and consistent with inhibition of the TGFβ and PD-L1 pathways. Additionally, a median OS of 11.9 months was observed with bintrafusp alfa treatment in this expansion cohort. Further clinical investigation of bintrafusp alfa in esophageal cancer is warranted based on these results.