Skip to main content
Log in

Are Poker Players Aware of the Change in Their Poker Habits? Point of View of the Players and the PGSI

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Poker playing is a concern because of the large amounts of money spent and the high prevalence of gambling problems. Few studies have taken an interest in poker players’ (PPs’) perspectives. The goal of this qualitative study was to describe PPs’ perceptions of the change in their poker playing and to compare their perception to the variation in the score of a screening tool. A convenience sample of 25 PPs participated in a qualitative interview and completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) 2 years in a row. Of these 25 PPs, 19 perceived a decrease in their poker habits, three perceived an increase, and the other three, no change. The perception of 60% of the PPs was inconsistent with the PGSI; most of those who perceived a decrease in fact had an increase. This study highlights how difficult it is for gamblers to be aware of the changes in their gambling and the importance to develop tools for responsible gambling. These tools would allow gamblers to become aware of their current gambling habits and their evolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, M. W., & Clarke, D. (2007). Prospective problem gambling research: contribution and potential. International Gambling Studies, 7(1), 123–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auer, M., & Griffiths, M. (2017). Self-reported losses versus actual losses in online gambling: an empirical study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33,795–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergin, M. (2011). NVivo 8 and consistency in data analysis: reflecting on the use of a qualitative data analysis program. Nurse Researcher, 18(3).

  • Biolcati, R., Passini, S., & Griffiths, M. (2015). All-in and bad beat: professional poker players and pathological gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13, 19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerg, O. (2010). Problem gambling in poker: money, rationality and control in a skill-based social game. International Gambling Studies, 10(3), 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, C. & Schroeder, R. D. (2009). Because it’s free poker! A qualitative analysis of free Texas Hold’em Poker tournaments. Sociological Spectrum, 29, 401-430.

  • Chantal, Y., Vallerand, R., & Vallières, E. (1995). Motivation and gambling involvement. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(6), 755–763.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, S., Hodgins, D., Casey, D., el-Guebaly, N., Smith, G., Williams, R., Schopflocher, D., & Wood, R. (2012). Examining the predictive validity of low-risk gambling limits with longitudinal data. Addiction, 107, 400–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon, J., Horch, J. D., & Hodgins, D. C. (2011). Cultural influences on stigmatization of problem gambling: East Asian and Caucasian Canadians. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(4), 633–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diggle, P. J., Heagerty, P., Liang, K. Y., & Zeger, S. L. (2002). Analysis of longitudinal data. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, M., Brunelle, N., & Roy, É. (2015). Are poker players all the same? Latent class analysis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(2), 441–454.

  • Dufour, M., Petit, S., & Brunelle, N. (2014). Pourquoi le poker est-il si attirant ? Étude qualitative des motivations auprès des joueurs en salle et Internet. Drogue Santé et Société, 12(2), 120–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • el-Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Hodgins, D. C., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., Schopflocher, D. P., & Wood, R. T. (2008). Designing a longitudinal cohort study of gambling in Alberta: rationale, methods, and challenges. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(4), 479–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2005). Motivators for change and barriers to help-seeking in Australian problem gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(2), 133–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). L’indice canadien de jeu excessif. (Rapport de recherche). Ontario: Centrecanadien de lutte contre l’alcoolisme et les toxicomanies.

  • Fiedler, I., & Wilcke, A. (2012). The Market for Online Poker. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 16(1), 7-20.

  • Gainsbury, S., Wood, R., Russell, A., Hing, N., & Blaszczynski, A. (2012). A digital revolution: comparison of demographic pro les, attitudes and gambling behaviour of Internet and non-Internet gamblers. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1388–1398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gainsbury, S., Hing, N., & Suhonen, N. (2014a). Professional help-seeking for gambling problems: awareness, barriers and motivators for treatment. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(2), 503–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gainsbury, S., Suhonen, N., & Saastamoinen, J. (2014b). Chasing losses in online poker and casino games: characteristics and game play of Internet gamblers at risk of disordered gambling. Psychiatry Research, 217(3), 220–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendron, R. (2013). Revue de littérature sur les études longitudinales relatives aux jeux de hasard et d’argent. Synthèse rédigée pour Mise sur toi – Le jeu doit rester un jeu. Retrived from : https://www.concordia.ca/content/dam/artsci/research/lifestyleaddiction/docs/events/workshops/bigdata/SynteseJHA_2013.11.26.pdf

  • Griffiths, M., & Barnes, A. (2008). Internet gambling: an online empirical study among student gamblers. International Journal of mental health addiction, 6, 194–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M., Wardle, H., Orford, J., Sproston, K., & Erens, B. (2009). Sociodemographic correlates of Internet gambling: findings from the 2007 British gambling prevalence survey. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(2), 199–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M., Parke, J., Wood, R & Rigbye (2010). Online poker gambling in university students: Further findings from online syvey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 8 (1), 82-89.

  • Hing, N., Breen, H., Buultjens, J., & Gordon, A. (2012). A profile of gambling behaviour and impacts among indigenous Australians attending a cultural event in New South Wales. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2, 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hing, N., Holdsworth, L., Tiyce, M., & Breen, H. (2014). Stigma and problem gambling: current knowledge and future research directions. International Gambling Studies, 14(1), 64–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hing, N., Russell, A., Gainsbury, S., & Nuske, E. (2016). The public stigma of problem gambling: its nature and relative intensity compared to other health conditions. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(3), 847–864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopley, A. A. B., & Nicki, R. M. (2010). Predictive Factors of Excessive Online Poker Playing. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14, 379-385.

  • Hopley, A. A. B., Dempsey, K., & Nicki, R. (2012). Texas Hold'Em online poker: A further examination. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 563-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9353-2

  • Horch, J., & Hodgins, D. (2013). Stereotypes of problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Issues, 28, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kairouz, S., & Nadeau, L. (2014). Enquête ENJHEU – Québec:Portrait du jeu au Québec: prevalence, incidence et trajectoires sur quatre ans. [Portrait of gambling in Québec: prevalence, incidence and trajectories over four years] Université Concordia. Rapport de recherche, Fonds québecois de recherche sur la société et la culture. Consulted November 6, 2015: http://www.concordia.ca/content/dam/concordia/research/lifestyleaddiction/docs/ENHJEUQC%202012%20%20RAPPORT%20FINAL%20FRQSC%20_19.02.2014%20(1).pdf

  • Kairouz, S., Nadeau, L., & Paradis, C. (2010). Portrait du jeu au Québec: prévalence, incidence ettrajectoires sur quatre ans. (Rapport de recherche de l’Enquête ENHJEU). Québec, Canada: Université de Concordia.

  • Khezeli, M., Ramezankhani, A., & Bakhtiyari, M. (2012). Effect of education on nutritional knowledge and stages of fruit and vegetable consumption in elders based on stages of change model. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 22(91), 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladouceur, R., Shaffer, P., Blaszczynski, A., & Shaffer, H. (2017). Responsible gambling: a synthesis of the empirical evidence. Addiction Research and Theory, 26(3), 226–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laperrière, A. (1997). Les critères de scientificité des méthodes qualitatives. Dans J. Poupart, J.-P. Deslauriers, L.-H. Groulx, A. Laperrière, R. Mayer et A. P. Pires (Dir.) : La recherche qualitative : enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques. Boucherville, Québec : Gaëtan Morin éditeur.

  • LaPlante, D., Nelson, S., LaBrie, R., & Shaffer, H. (2008). Stability and progression of disordered gambling: lessons from longitudinal studies. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(1), 52–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPlante, D. A., Kleschinsky, J. H., LaBrie, R. A., Nelson, S. E., & Shaffer, H. J. (2009). Sitting at the virtual poker table: a prospective epidemiological study of actual Internet poker gambling behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 711–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.027.

  • Liley, J., & Rakow, T. (2010). Probability estimation in poker: a qualified success for unaided judgment. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23(5), 496–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mantler, T. (2013). A systematic review of smoking youths’ perceptions of addiction and health risks associated with smoking: utilizing the framework of the health belief model. Addiction Research and Theory, 21(4), 306–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J., & Derevensky, J. (2009). Internet gambling behaviour in a sample of online gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7, 149–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). What differentiates professional poker players from recreational poker players? A qualitative interview study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 243–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, A., Shorter, G., & Griffiths, M. (2014). Characteristics and predictors of problem gambling on the Internet. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 11(6), 634–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMullan, J. L., & Kervin, M. (2012). Selling Internet gambling: Advertising, new media and the content of poker promotion. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 622 – 645.

  • Mihaylova, T., Kairouz, S., & Nadeau, L. (2013). Online poker gambling among university students: risky endeavour or harmless pastime? Journal of Gambling Issues, 28, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. (2003). Analyse des données qualitatives. [Qualitative analyses] (2° éd.) Paris: De Boeck.

  • Mitrovic, D., & Brown, J. (2009). Poker mania and problem gambling: a study of distorted cognitions, motivation and alexithymia. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 489–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palomäki, J., Laakasuo, M., & Salmela, M. (2013). This is just so unfair!: a qualitative analysis of loss-induced emotions and tilting in on-line poker. International Gambling Studies, 13(2), 255–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilver, C., Libby, D., Hoff, R., & Potenza, M. (2013). Gender differences in the relationship between gambling problems and the incidence of substance-use disorders in a nationally representative population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(1), 204–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poupart, J. (1997). L’entretien de type qualitatif : considérations épistémologiques, théoriques et méthodologiques. Dans J. Poupart, J.-P. Deslauriers, L.-H. Groulx, A. Laperrière, R. Mayer et A. P. Pires (Dir.) : La recherche qualitative : enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques. Boucherville, Québec: Gaëtan Morin.

  • Prochaska, J. Q., & DiClemente, C. C. (1992). Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviors. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (pp. 184–214). Sycamore: Sycamore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Recher, J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). An exploratory qualitative study of online poker professional players. Social Psychological Review, 14(2), 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reith, G., & Dobbie, F. (2013). Gambling careers: a longitudinal, qualitative study of gambling behaviour. Addiction Research and Theory, 21(5), 376–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shead, N. W., Hodgins, D. C., & Scharf, D. (2008). Differences between poker players and non-poker-playing gamblers. International Gambling Studies, 8(2), 167–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siler, K. (2010). Social and psychological challenges of poker.Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(3), 401–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slutske, W. S. (2007). Longitudinal studies of gambling behavior. In G. Smith, D. C. Hodgins, & R. J. Williams (Eds.), Research and measurement issues in gambling studies (pp. 127–154). London: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slutske, W. S., Jackson, K. M., & Sher, K. J. (2003). The natural history of problem gambling from age 18 to 29. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(2), 263–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spurrier, M., & Blaszczynski, A. (2014). Risk perception in gambling: a systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(2), 253–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, J., & Romild, U. (2011). Incidence of internet gambling in Sweden: results from the Swedish longitudinal gambling study. International Gambling Studies, 11(3), 357–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szabó, A., & Kocsis, D. (2012). Susceptibility to addictive behaviour in online and traditional poker playing environments. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1, 23–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tendler, J. (2011). The mental game of poker: proven strategies for improving tilt control, confidence, motivation, coping with variance, and more. Self-published.

  • Tendler, J. (2013). The mental game of poker 2: proven strategies for improving poker skill, increasing mental performance, and playing in the zone consistently. Self-published.

  • Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M. C., & Hoffman, J. H. (2011). Gambling and problem gambling across the lifespan. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(1), 49–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.-C. O., Hoffman, J. H., & Wieczorek, W. F. (2014). Gambling and problem gambling in the United States: changes between 1999 and 2013. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(3), 695–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R., West, B., & Simpson, R. (2012). Prevention of problem gambling: a comprehensive review of the evidence, and identified best practices. [Internet]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3121

  • Wills, T., Fehin, P., & Callen, B. (2011). Body mass index knowledge of older adults and motivation to change. British Journal of Community Nursing, 16(3), 112–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohl, M., Davis, C., Hollingshead, S. (2017). How much have you won or lost? Personalized behavioral feedback about gambling expenditures regulates play. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 437-445.

  • Wood, R. T. A., Griffiths, M. D., & Parke, J. (2007). Acquisition, development, and maintenance of online poker playing in a student sample. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 354-361.

  • Wood, R., Williams, R., & Lawton, P. (2007). Why do Internet gamblers prefer online versus land-based venues? Some preliminary findings and implications. Journal of Gambling Issues, 20, 235–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R.T.A et Griffiths, M.D. (2008). Why Swedish people play online poker and factors that can increase or decrease trust in poker Web sites: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Gambling Issues, 21, 80-99.

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the all participants that collaborated in this study and all the members of the research team.

Funding

This research was supported by the founding agency Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Société et la Culture under grant <2012-JU-164313>.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Magali Dufour.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all participants for being included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dufour, M., Morvannou, A., Brunelle, N. et al. Are Poker Players Aware of the Change in Their Poker Habits? Point of View of the Players and the PGSI. Int J Ment Health Addiction 16, 1140–1155 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9837-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9837-9

Keywords

Navigation