Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Do Addictive Behaviors Matter for College Students’ Depression and Suicidal Ideation?

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Previous research has shown that depression is an important predictor for suicidal ideation and that depression, addictive behaviors, and suicidal ideations are highly associated with each other. However, no studies have specifically investigated the role of addictive behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, gambling) as moderators on the association between depression and suicidal ideation among Korean college students. This study examined (1) the association between depression and suicidal ideation using Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and five selected items from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), and (2) the moderating roles of alcohol use and problem gambling using Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). We collected data from full-time students (n = 870) enrolled at 14 universities throughout South Korea using a self-reported paper-pencil survey conducted on college campuses. More than half of the total sample (52.3%, n = 450) reported either alcohol use or gambling, and findings revealed that depression, alcohol use, and gambling are associated with suicidal ideation. We found a significant moderating effect of alcohol use on the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation (ß = .151, p < .001); whereas, gambling had no significant moderating effect on the relationship (ß = .054, p < .276). The influence of depression on suicidal ideation was greater for Korean college students who used high levels of alcohol compared to those who used low levels of alcohol. The results suggest that alcohol use is an important modifiable factor for suicidal ideation especially in students with depression, and provide a foundation for future research aimed at understanding complex and nuanced mechanisms linking depression, addictive behaviors, and suicidal ideation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arnett, J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). AUDIT: the alcohol use disorders identification test: the guidelines for use in primary care (2ND ed.). Geneva: Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence, WHO.

  • Baek, S. S., Ha, E., Ryo, E., & Song, M. (2012). Effects of life stress and depression in undergraduates on suicidal ideation. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 18(4), 157–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borsari, B., Murphy, J., & Barnett, N. P. (2007). Predictors of alcohol use during the first year of college: implication for prevention. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2062–2086.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bossarte, R. M., & Swahn, M. H. (2011). The association between early alcohol use and suicide attempt among adolescents with history of major depression. Addictive Behaviors, 36(5), 532–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (1997). Youth risk behavior surveillance: National College Health Risk Behavior Survey United States. MMWR Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep., 46(SS-6), 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. W., Kim, H. S., Kim, G. Y., Jeon, Y., Park, S. M., Lee, J. Y., et al. (2014). Similarities and differences among Internet gaming disorder, gambling disorder and alcohol use disorder: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.4.6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chun, S., & Sohn, A. (2005). Correlates of problem drinking by the alcohol use disorders identification test on Korean college campus. Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, 38(3), 307–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conner, K. R., Li, Y., Meldrum, S., Duberstein, P. R., & Conwell, Y. (2003). The role of drinking in suicidal ideation: analyses of project MATCH data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(3), 402–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S., Turner, N. E., Ballon, B., Paglia-Boak, A., Murray, R., Adlaf, E. M., Ilie, G., den Dunnen, W., & Mann, R. E. (2015). Problem gambling among Ontario students: associations with substance abuse, mental health problems, suicide attempts, and delinquent behaviours. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(4), 1121–1134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995). Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 990–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cukrowicz, K. C., Schlegel, E. F., Smith, P. N., Jacobs, M. P., Van Orden, K. A., Paukert, A. L., Pettit, J. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2011). Suicide ideation among college students evidencing subclinical depression. Journal of American College Health, 59(7), 575–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeMartini, K. S., & Carey, K. B. (2012). Optimizing the use of the AUDIT for alcohol screening in collegestudents. Psychological Assessment, 24(4), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engwall, D., Hunter, R. & Steinberg, M. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on University campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52(6), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.52.6.245-256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science, 10(2), 87–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feigelman, W., Gormam, B., & Lesieur, H. (2006). Examining the relationship between at-risk gambling and suicidality in a national representative sample of young adults. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 36(4), 396–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian problem gambling index: final report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galaif, E. R., Sussman, S., Newcomb, M., & Locke, T. F. (2007). Suicidality, depression, and alcohol use among adolescents: a review of empirical findings. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19(1), 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, V. M., Bradizza, C. M., & Collins, R. L. (2009). Drinking to cope as a statistical mediator in the relationship between suicidal ideation and alcohol outcomes among underage college drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23(3), 443–451.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harford, T. C., Wechsler, H., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). The impact of current residence and high school drinking on alcohol problems among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(3), 271–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, S., Aechambeau, O. G., Deliramich, A. N., Kim, B. S., Chiu, P. H., & Frueh, B. C. (2011). Depressive symptoms and mental health treatment in an ethnoracially diverse college student sample. Journal of American College Health, 59(8), 718–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Winter, M., & Wechsler, H. (2005). Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among US college students age 18-24: changes from 1998-2001. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 259–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Zakocs, R., Winter, M., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Age of first intoxication, heavy drinking, driving after drinking and risk of unintentional injury among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(1), 23–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (2002). Reducing suicide: a national imperative. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; The Committee on the Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide.

  • Hodgins, D., Peden, N., & Cassidy, E. (2005). The association between comorbidity and outcome in pathological gambling: a prospective follow-up of recent quitters. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21(3), 255–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyun, J. G. (1921). Drinking offering society. A short story published in a magazine Gae-Byeok, meaning “the dawn of a new age.”

  • Jacob, D. (1986). A general theory of addictions: A new theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2(1), 15–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, J. Y., Jang, E. Y., Kim, B. S., Roh, Y. H., Lee, J. Y., & Han, J. H. (2004). The longitudinal effects of youth unemployment on mental health. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 23(2), 121–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S. M. (2013). Structural analysis on the path of problem gambling among college students: using Jacob’s general theory of addiction. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 65(2), 231–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S. M. (2017). The association of depression, coping motives and drinking problems among college students: testing the self-medication hypothesis. Health and Social Welfare Review, 37(1), 5–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S. M., & Kyung, S. Y. (2013). The job-seeking stress and addictive behaviors among college students: focused on the mediating effect of anxiety. Health and Social Welfare Review, 33(4), 518–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Källmén, H., & Gustafson, R. (1988). Alcohol and disinhibition. European Addiction Research, 4(4), 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1159/000018948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, S. J. (2000). A study on health risk behaviors of adolescents (unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul: Seoul National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C. K., Byun, H. S., & Chae, Y. S. (2006). Effectiveness of an integrative literatherapy program on the reduction of college students depression and life stress. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 22(1), 108–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. J. (2009). An analysis of variables related to university student’s suicidal ideation: regarding effect of suicidal attempt experience, mental health, psychosocial problems. Mental Health & Social Work, 32(8), 413–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. S., Gulick, E. E., Nam, K. A., & Kim, S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: a Korean version. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 22(4), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2007.07.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korean Alcohol Research Foundation (KARF). (2010). National survey on drinking behavior among college students. Goyang: Korean Alcohol Research Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korean Alcohol Research Foundation (KARF). (2011). Comparative studies on college students and adults in drinking behaviors. Goyang: Korean Alcohol Research Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladouceur, R., Boudreault, N., Jacques, C., & Vitaro, F. (1999). Pathological gambling and related problems among adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 8(4), 55–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D., & Chae, S. (2015). A death leap (suicide by drowning) by a college student from Seoul National University: “socioeconomic status in born determines human survival” written in his suicide note. Yonhap News. Retrieved from http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr

  • Lee, E. S. (2007). Construction of a structural model about male and female adolescences’ alienation, depression and suicidal thoughts. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 27(4), 576–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H. G., & Lee, B. H. (2013). The current status and cause of the addiction problem. Health and Welfare Policy Forum, 200, 30–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. G., Kim, J. S., Jung, J. G., Choi, T. K., & Ryou, Y. I. (2011). Usefulness of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in screening for problem drinkers among college students. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 32(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2011.32.1.29.832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. W. (2015). Suicide and alcohol. Seoul: Suicide Prevention Conference, Korea Association for Suicide Prevention, Korea Suicide Prevention Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. W. (2003). Legalized gambling behavior: review of proliferations, theories, and empirical findings. Social Science Research, 42, 106–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Langford, R., Rohde, P., Seeley, J., & Chapman, J. (1995). The life attitudes schedule: a scale to assess adolescent life-enhancing and life-threatening behaviors. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 25(4), 458–474.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, S. B. (2013). A study on gambling addiction factors of university/college students: based on mediating effect of gambling motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. Health and Social Welfare Review, 33(2), 489–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, B. J., Fabiano, P., & Stark, C. (2009). The prevalence and correlates of depression among college students. College Student Journal, 43(4), 999–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S., & Lovibond, P. (1995). Manual for the depression, anxiety, stress scales (2nd ed.). c: Psychology Foundation.

  • Maccallum, F., & Blaszczynski, A. (2003). Pathological gambling and suicidality: an analysis and lethality. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 33(1), 88–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, R. A., Russo, A. M., Ramirez, L. F., & Taber, J. I. (1984). Affective disorders among pathological gamblers seeking treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(2), 215–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGirr, A., Renaud, J., Seguin, M., Alda, M., & Turecki, G. (2008). Course of major depressive disorder and suicide outcome: a psychological autopsy study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(6), 966–970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michell, R. J., Toomey, T. L., & Erickson, D. (2005). Alcohol policies on college campuses. Journal of American College Health, 53(4), 149–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Gambling Control Commission (NGCC). (2010a). Development and implementation of a gambling prevention program for college students. Seoul: National Gambling Control Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Gambling Control Commission (NGCC). (2010b). A study on the characteristics of Korean problem gamblers: focusing on comparisons of cultural factors between Koreans and Japanese. Seoul: National Gambling Control Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Gambling Control Commission (NGCC). (2012, 2014). Statistics on gambling industry. Seoul: National Gambling Control Commission.

  • Nower, L., Gupta, R., Blaszczynski, A., & Derevensky, J. (2004). Suicidality and depression among youth gamblers: a preliminary examination of three studies. International Gambling Studies, 4(1), 69–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2015). Suicide. In Health at a glance 2015: OECD indicators. (pp. 56–57). Paris, France: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2015-11-en

  • Oei, T., & Goh, Z. (2015). Interactions between risk and protective factors on problem gambling in Asia. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(2), 557–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. P., Welty, W., & Smith, M. (1997). Elevated suicide levels associated with legalized gambling. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 27(4), 373–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ping, R. A. (1996). Latent variable interaction and quadratic effect estimation: a two-step technique using structural equation analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 166–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quigley, L., Yakovenko, I., Hodgins, D. C., Dobson, K. S., El-Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Currie, S. R., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., & Schopflocher, D. P. (2015). Comorbid problem gambling and major depression in a community sample. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(4), 1135–1152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, A. E., Boyle, M. H., Bridge, J. A., Sinyor, M., Links, P. S., Tonmyr, L., Skinner, R., Bethell, J. M., Carlisle, C., Goodday, S., Hottes, T. S., Newton, A., Bennett, K., Sundar, P., Cheung, A. H., & Szatmari, P. (2014). Antecedents and sex/gender differences in youth suicidal behavior. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4(4), 120–132.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2008). University students’ perception of the alcohol campaign: “Is getting pissed getting pathetic? (just ask your friends)”. Addictive Behaviors, 33(2), 366–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roh, M. S., Jeon, H. J., Lee, H. W., Lee, H. J., Han, S. K., & Ham, B. J. (2006). Depressive disorders among the college students: prevalence, risk factors, suicidal behaviors and dysfunctions. Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 45(5), 432–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roh, M. S., Jeon, H. J., Lee, H. W., Lee, H. J., Han, S. K. & Hahm, B. J. (2007). Suicide-related behaviors among the college students. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 46(1), 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, H. J., Donato, A. N., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., & LaPlante, D. (2005). The epidemiology of college alcohol and gambling policies. Harm Reduction Journal, 2(1), 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, H. J., & Hall, M. N. (2001). Updating and refining prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 168–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, S., Kim, N., & Jang, E. (2011). Comparison of problematic internet and alcohol use and attachment styles among industrial workers in Korea. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(11), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, I. H., & Kim, H. J. (2010). Depressive mood, suicidal ideation, and alcohol drinking behavior among employees. Mental Health and Social Work, 36, 5–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., & Lindquist, R. (2015). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression, anxiety, stress and mindfulness in Korean nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 35(1), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.06.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stathham, D., Health, A., Madden, P., Bucholz, K., Bierut, L., Dinwiddie, S., Slutske, S., Dunne, W., & Martin, N. (1998). Suicide behavior: an epidemiological and genetic study. Psychological Medicine, 28(4), 839–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Korea. (2015). 2014 causes of death statistics. Deajeon: Statistics Korea.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, A. L., Becker, L. G., Huber, A. M., & Catalano, R. F. (2012). Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37(7), 747–775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strang, S. P., & Orlofsky, J. L. (1990). Factors underlying suicidal ideation among college students: a test of Teicher and Jacobs’ model. Journal of Adolescence, 13(1), 39–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Struhldreher, W., Struhldreher, T., & Forrest, K. (2007). Gambling as an emerging health problem on campus. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stucki, S., & Rihs-Middel, M. (2007). Prevalence of adult problem and pathological gambling between 2000 and 2005: an update. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3), 245–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, K., Callesen, M., Linnet, J., Kringelbach, M., & Moller, A. (2009). Severity of gambling is associated with severity of depressive symptoms in pathological gamblers. Behavioral Pharmacology, 20(5–6), 527–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vörös, V., Osváth, P., & Fekete, S. (2004). Gender differences in suicidal behavior. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica, 6(2), 65–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, H., Lee, J., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Nelson, T., & Lee, H. (2002). Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Journal of American College Health, 50(5), 203–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., Joyce, P. R., Karam, E. G., Lellouch, J., Lefine, J. P., Newman, S. G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wells, J. E., Wickrmaratne, P. J., Wittchen, H. U., & Yeh, E. K. (1999). Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries. Psychological Medicine, 29(1), 9–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westefeld, J. S., & Furr, S. R. (1987). Suicide and depression among college students. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 119–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winters, K., Bengston, P., Door, D., & Stichfield, R. (1998). Prevalence and risk factors of problem gambling among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(2), 127–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, I. L., & So, E. M. (2003). Prevalence estimates of problem and pathological gambling in Hong Kong. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(7), 1353–1354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P. W., Chan, W. S., Conwell, Y., Conner, K. R., & Yip, P. S. (2010). A psychological autopsy study of pathological gamblers who died by suicide. Journal of Affective Disorder, 120(1–3), 213–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynne, H. J. (2003). Introducing the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Edmonton: Wynne Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, M. S., Cho, H. J., & Choi, S. Y. (2009). Effects of intention for moderate drinking and drinking environment on problem drinking among college students. Journal of Korean Alcohol Science, 10(2), 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, M. S., & Lee, H. S. (2012). The relationship between depression, job preparing stress and suicidal ideation among college students: moderating effect of problem drinking. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 18(3), 109–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zangeneh, M., & Hason, T. (2006). Suicide and gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4(3), 191–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2014S1A2A1A01025197).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Social Welfare, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea

    Soo Mi Jang

  2. Myron B. Thompson School of Social Work, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2430 Campus Road, Gartley Hall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA

    Seunghye Hong

Authors
  1. Soo Mi Jang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seunghye Hong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seunghye Hong.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5).

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jang, S.M., Hong, S. Do Addictive Behaviors Matter for College Students’ Depression and Suicidal Ideation?. Int J Ment Health Addiction 16, 1095–1112 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9832-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9832-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation