Abstract
Optimization of the geometry of a metallic bowtie gap at radio frequency is presented. We investigate the geometry of the bowtie gap including gap size, tip width, metal thickness and tip angle at macroscale to find the maximum electric field enhancement across the gap. The results indicate that 90∘ bowtie with 0.06 λ gap size has the most |E t |2 enhancement. Effects of changing the permittivity and conductivity of the material across the gap are also investigated. NEC-2 simulations show that the numerical calculations agree with the experimental results. Since the design and fabrication of a plasmonic device (nanogap) at nanoscale is challenging, the results of this study can be used to estimate the best design parameters for nanogap structure. Different amounts of enhancement at different frequency ranges are explained by mode volume. The product of the mode volume and |E t |2 enhancement is constant for different gap structures and different frequencies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
de Lange F, Cambi A, Huijbens R, de Bakker B, Rensen W, Garcia-Parajo M, van Hulst N, Figdor CG (2001) J Cell Sci 114:4153
Gramotnev DK, Bozhevolnyi SI (2010) Nature Photonics 4(2):83
Betzig E, Lewis A, Harootunian A, Isaacson M, Kratschmer E (1986) Biophys J 49(1):269
Pohl DW, Denk W, Lanz M (1984) Appl Phys Lett 44:651
Betzig E, Harootunian A, Lewis A, Isaacson M (1986) Appl Opt 25(12):1890
Bouillard JS, Vilain S, Dickson W, Zayats AV (2010) Opt Express 18(16):16513
Berweger S, Weber JC, John J, Velazquez JM, Pieterick A, Sanford NA, Davydov AV, Brunschwig B, Lewis NS, Wallis TM, Kabos P (2015) Nano Lett 15(2):1122
Cricenti A, Generosi R, Luce M, Perfetti P, Margaritondo G, Talley D, Sanghera JS, Aggarwal ID, Tolk NH, Congiu-Castellano A, Rizzo MA, Piston DW (2003) Biophys J 4: 2705
Hinterdorfer P, Garcia-Parajo MF, Dufrṅe YF (2012). Acc Chem Res 45(3):327
Fang Y. (2015). Biosensors 5(2):223
Bohn BJ, Schnell M, Kats MA, Aieta F, Hillenbrand R, Capasso F (2015) Nano Lett 15(6):3851
Johnson JC, Yan H, Schaller RD, Petersen PB, Yang P, Saykally RJ (2002) Nano Lett 2(4):279
Khatib O, Wood JD, McLeod AS, Goldflam MD, Wagner M, Damhorst GL, Koepke JC, Doidge GP, Rangarajan A, Bashir R, Pop E, Lyding JW, Thiemens MH, Keilmann F, Basov DN (2015) ACS Nano 9(8):7968
Gan Q, Bartoli FJ, Kafafi ZH (2013) Adv Mater 25(17):2377
Moerner WE (2007) Physical principles and methods of single-molecule spectroscopy in solids:1–30
Xia T, Li N, Fang X (2013) Annu Rev Phys Chem 64(1):459
Walt DR (2013) Anal Chem 85(3):1258
Yeh HC, Chao SY, Ho YP, Wang TH (2005) Curr Pharm Biotechnol 6(6):453
Li J, Chen S, Yu P, Cheng H, Duan X, Tian J (2013) Opt Express 21(8):10342
Li J, Chen S, Yu P, Cheng H, Chen L (2012) J Tian, Plasmonics 8(2):495
Li J, Chen S, Yu P, Cheng H, Zhou W, Tian J (2011) Opt Lett 36(20):4014
Butet J, Brevet PF, Martin OJF (2015) ACS Nano 9(11):10545
Stewart ME, Anderton CR, Thompson LB, Maria J., Gray SK, Rogers JA, Nuzzo RG (2008) Chem Rev 108(2):494
Im H, Bantz KC, Lindquist NC, Haynes CL, Oh SH (2010) Nano Lett 10(6):2231
Kang M, Park SG, Jeong KH (2015) Sci Rep 5:14790
Liu Z, Boltasseva A, Pedersen RH, Bakker R, Kildishev AV, Drachev VP, Shalaev VM (2008) Metamaterials 2(1):45
Giannini V, Fernn̈dez-Domṉguez AI, Heck SC, Maier SA (2011) Chem Rev 111(6):3888
Kim MK, Sim H, Yoon SJ, Gong SH, Ahn CW, Cho YH, Lee YH (2015) Nano Lett 15(6):4102
Maier SA (2007) Plasmonics: fundamentals and applications. Springer, New York
Li EP, Chu HS (2014) Plasmonic nanoelectronics and sensing. Cambridge University Press, New York
Balanis CA (2012) Advanced engineering electromagnetics, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Grober RD, Schoelkopf RJ, Prober DE (1997) Appl Phys Lett 70:1354
Burke J, Poggio AJ (1980) Numerical electromagentics code (nec)-method of moments part 1, 2, and 3 in Report NOSC TD, vol 116. Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego
Stutzman WL (2012) Antenna theory and design, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Malakoutian, M., Byambadorj, T., Davaji, B. et al. Optimization of the Bowtie Gap Geometry for a Maximum Electric Field Enhancement. Plasmonics 12, 287–292 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0262-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0262-x