Abstract
Although the standard model (SM) is extremely successful, there are various motivations for considering the physics beyond the SM. For example, the SM includes neither dark energy nor dark matter, which has been confirmed through astrophysical observations. Examination of the dark sector, which contains new, light, weakly-coupled particles at the GeV scale or lower, is well motivated by both theory and dark-matter detection experiments. In this mini-review, we focus on one particular case in which these new particles can interact with SM particles through a kinematic mixing term between U(1) gauge bosons. The magnitude of the mixing can be parameterized by a parameter є. Following a brief overview of the relevant motivations and the constraints determined from numerous experiments, we focus on the light dark sector phenomenology at low-energy high-luminosity e + e − colliders. These colliders are ideal for probing the new light particles, because of their large production rates and capacity for precise resonance reconstruction. Depending on the details of a given model, the typical observed signatures may also contain multi lepton pairs, displaced vertices, and/or missing energy. Through the use of extremely large data samples from existing experiments, such as KLOE, CLEO, BABAR, Belle, and BESIII, the magnitude of the mixing can be parameterized by a parameter є < 10−4–10−3 constraint can be obtained. Obviously, future experiments with larger datasets will provide opportunities for the discovery of new particles in the dark sector, or for stricter upper limits on є. Once the light dark sector is confirmed, the particle physics landscape will be changed significantly.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. H. Zhu, Recent progress in physics beyond the standard model, Front. Phys. 8, 241 (2013)
Y. Hu, Y. K. Wang, P. F. Yin, and S. H. Zhu, On physics beyond standard model, Front. Phys. 8, 516 (2013)
S. H. Zhu, A new paradigm: Role of electron-positron and hadron colliders, arXiv: 1410.2042 [hep-ph]
J. L. Hewett, H. Weerts, R. Brock, J. N. Butler, B. C. K. Casey, et al., Fundamental physics at the intensity frontier, arXiv: 1205.2671 [hep-ex]
R. Essig, J. A. Jaros, W. Wester, P. H. Adrian, S. Andreas, et al., Dark sectors and new, light, weakly-coupled particles, arXiv: 1311.0029 [hep-ph]
N. Borodatchenkova, D. Choudhury, and M. Drees, Probing MeV dark matter at low-energy e + e - colliders, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 141802 (2006), arXiv: hep-ph/0510147
P. Fayet, U-boson production in e + e - annihilations, psi and upsilon decays, and light dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 75, 115017 (2007), arXiv: hep-ph/0702176 [hep-ph]
B. Batell, M. Pospelov, and A. Ritz, Probing a secluded U(1) at B-factories, Phys. Rev. D 79, 115008 (2009), arXiv: 0903.0363 [hep-ph]
R. Essig, P. Schuster, and N. Toro, Probing dark forces and light hidden sectors at low-energy e + e - colliders, Phys. Rev. D 80, 015003 (2009), arXiv: 0903.3941 [hep-ph]
M. Reece and L.-T. Wang, Searching for the light dark gauge boson in GeV-scale experiments, J. High Energy Phys. 0907, 051 (2009), arXiv: 0904.1743 [hep-ph]
P.-F. Yin, J. Liu, and S.-H. Zhu, Detecting light leptophilic gauge boson at BESIII detector, Phys. Lett. B 679, 362 (2009), arXiv: 0904.4644 [hep-ph]
L. Barze, G. Balossini, C. Bignamini, C. M. Carloni Calame, G. Montagna, O. Nicrosini, and F. Piccinini, Probing dark forces at GeV-scale colliders, Acta Phys. Polon. B 42, 2461 (2011)
B. Holdom, Two U(1)’s and epsilon charge shifts, Phys. Lett. B 166, 196 (1986)
N. Arkani-Hamed and N. Weiner, LHC signals for a superunified theory of dark matter, J. High Energy Phys. 0812, 104 (2008), arXiv: 0810.0714 [hep-ph]
M. Baumgart, C. Cheung, J. T. Ruderman, L.-T. Wang, and I. Yavin, Non-Abelian dark sectors and their collider signatures, J. High Energy Phys. 0904, 014 (2009), arXiv: 0901.0283 [hep-ph]
S. A. Abel, M. D. Goodsell, J. Jaeckel, V. V. Khoze, and A. Ringwald, Kinetic mixing of the photon with hidden U(1)s in string phenomenology, J. High Energy Phys. 0807, 124 (2008), arXiv: 0803.1449 [hep-ph]
M. Goodsell, J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo, and A. Ringwald, Naturally light hidden photons in LARGE volume string compactifications, J. High Energy Phys. 0911, 027 (2009), arXiv: 0909.0515 [hep-ph]
C. Cheung, J. T. Ruderman, L.-T. Wang, and I. Yavin, Kinetic mixing as the origin of light dark scales, Phys. Rev. D 80, 035008 (2009), arXiv: 0902.3246 [hep-ph]
M. A. Deliyergiyev, Recent progress in search for hidden/dark photon, arXiv: 1510.06927 [hep-ph].
O. Adriani, et al. (PAMELA Collaboration), An anomalous positron abundance in cosmic rays with energies 1.5–100 GeV, Nature 458, 607 (2009), arXiv: 0810.4995 [astro-ph]
J. Chang, J. H. Adams, H. S. Ahn, G. L. Bashindzhagyan, M. Christl, et al., An excess of cosmic ray electrons at energies of 300–800 GeV, Nature 456, 362 (2008)
A. A. Abdo, et al. (Fermi LAT Collaboration), Measurement of the cosmic ray e + plus e – spectrum from 20 GeV to 1 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 181101 (2009), arXiv: 0905.0025 [astro-ph.HE]
M. Aguilar, et al. (AMS Collaboration), First result from the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station: Precision measurement of the positron fraction in primary cosmic rays of 0.5C350 GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(14), 141102 (2013)
O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, M. Boezio, et al., A new measurement of the antiprotonto-proton flux ratio up to 100 GeV in the cosmic radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 051101 (2009), arXiv: 0810.4994 [astro-ph]
AMS Collaboration, Talks at the “AMS Days at CERN”, April 15–17, 2015
N. Arkani-Hamed, D. P. Finkbeiner, T. R. Slatyer, and N. Weiner, A theory of dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 79, 015014 (2009), arXiv: 0810.0713 [hep-ph]
M. Pospelov and A. Ritz, Astrophysical signatures of secluded dark matter, Phys. Lett. B 671, 391 (2009), arXiv: 0810.1502 [hep-ph]
R. Bernabei, et al. (DAMA Collaboration), First results from DAMA/LIBRA and the combined results with DAMA/NaI, Eur. Phys. J. C 56, 333 (2008), arXiv: 0804.2741 [astro-ph]
C. E. Aalseth, et al. (CoGeNT Collaboration), Results from a search for light-mass dark matter with a P-type point contact germanium detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 131301 (2011), arXiv: 1002.4703 [astro-ph.CO]
G. Angloher, M. Bauer, I. Bavykina, A. Bento, C. Bucci, et al., Results from 730 kg days of the CRESST-II dark matter search, Eur. Phys. J. C 72, 1971 (2012), arXiv: 1109.0702 [astro-ph.CO]
P. Draper, T. Liu, C. E. M. Wagner, L. T. Wang, and H. Zhang, Dark light Higgs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 121805 (2011), arXiv: 1009.3963 [hep-ph]
S. Chang, G. D. Kribs, D. Tucker-Smith, and N. Weiner, Inelastic dark matter in light of DAMA/LIBRA, Phys. Rev. D 79, 043513 (2009), arXiv: 0807.2250 [hep-ph]
A. W. Strong, R. Diehl, H. Halloin, V. Schoenfelder, L. Bouchet, P. Mandrou, F. Lebrun, and R. Terrier, Gammaray continuum emission from the inner galactic region as observed with INTEGRAL/SPI, Astron. Astrophys. 444, 495 (2005), arXiv: astro-ph/0509290
C. Boehm, D. Hooper, J. Silk, M. Casse, and J. Paul, MeV dark matter: Has it been detected? Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 101301 (2004), arXiv: astro-ph/0309686
D. P. Finkbeiner and N. Weiner, Exciting dark matter and the INTEGRAL/SPI 511 keV signal, Phys. Rev. D 76, 083519 (2007), arXiv: astro-ph/0702587
L. Goodenough and D. Hooper, Possible evidence for dark matter annihilation in the inner Milky way from the Fermi gamma ray space telescope, arXiv: 0910.2998 [hep-ph]
T. Daylan, D. P. Finkbeiner, D. Hooper, T. Linden, S. K. N. Portillo, N. L. Rodd, and T. R. Slatyer, The characterization of the gamma-ray signal from the central Milky way: A compelling case for annihilating dark matter, arXiv: 1402.6703 [astro-ph.HE]
D. Hooper, N. Weiner, and W. Xue, Dark forces and light dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 86, 056009 (2012), arXiv: 1206.2929 [hep-ph]
J. Liu, N.Weiner, and W. Xue, Signals of a light dark force in the galactic center, J. High Energy Phys. 1508, 050 (2015), arXiv: 1412.1485 [hep-ph]
D. Hooper, P. Blasi, and P. D. Serpico, Pulsars as the sources of high energy cosmic ray positrons, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 0901, 025 (2009), arXiv: 0810.1527 [astro-ph]
M. Endo, K. Hamaguchi, and G. Mishima, Constraints on hidden photon models from electron g-2 and hydrogen spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. D 86, 095029 (2012), arXiv: 1209.2558 [hep-ph]
J. P. Lees, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for a dark photon in e + e - collisions at BaBar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113(20), 201801 (2014), arXiv: 1406.2980 [hep-ex]
B. Aubert, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for Dimuon decays of a light scalar boson in radiative transitions upsilon — gamma A0, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 081803 (2009), arXiv: 0905.4539 [hep-ex]
D. Babusci, et al. (KLOE-2 Collaboration), Limit on the production of a light vector gauge boson in phi meson decays with the KLOE detector, Phys. Lett. B 720, 111 (2013), arXiv: 1210.3927 [hep-ex]
D. Babusci, et al. (KLOE-2 Collaboration), Search for light vector boson production in e + e - →µ + µ –γ interactions with the KLOE experiment, Phys. Lett. B 736, 459 (2014), arXiv: 1404.7772 [hep-ex]
P. Adlarson, et al. (WASA-at-COSY Collaboration), Search for a dark photon in the π0 →e + e -γ decay, Phys. Lett. B 726, 187 (2013), arXiv: 1304.0671 [hep-ex]
G. Agakishiev, et al. (HADES Collaboration), Searching a dark photon with HADES, Phys. Lett. B 731, 265 (2014), arXiv: 1311.0216 [hep-ex]
H. Merkel, et al., Search at the Mainz Microtron for light massive gauge bosons relevant for the muon g-2 anomaly, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(22), 221802 (2014), arXiv: 1404.5502 [hep-ex]
S. Abrahamyan, et al. (APEX Collaboration), Search for a new gauge boson in electron-nucleus fixed-target scattering by the APEX experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 191804 (2011), arXiv: 1108.2750 [hep-ex]
A. Adare, et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Search for dark photons from neutral meson decays in p + p and d+Au collisions at \(\sqrt {^SNN} \)=200 GeV, Phys. Rev. C 91(3), 031901 (2015), arXiv: 1409.0851 [nucl-ex]
E. Goudzovski (NA48/2 Collaboration), Search for the dark photon in π0 decays by the NA48/2 experiment at CERN, EPJ Web Conf. 96, 01017 (2015), arXiv: 1412.8053 [hep-ex]
E. M. Riordan, et al., A search for short lived axions in an electron beam dump experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 755 (1987)
A. Bross, M. Crisler, S. H. Pordes, J. Volk, S. Errede, and J. Wrbanek, A search for shortlived particles produced in an electron beam dump, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2942 (1991)
S. Andreas, C. Niebuhr, and A. Ringwald, New limits on hidden photons from past electron beam dumps, Phys. Rev. D 86, 095019 (2012), arXiv: 1209.6083 [hep-ph]
G. Eigen (BaBar Collaboration), Direct searches for new physics particles at BABAR, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 631(1), 012034 (2015), arXiv: 1503.02860 [hep-ex]
A. Soffer, Constraints on dark forces from the B factories and low-energy experiments, arXiv: 1409.5263 [hep-ex]
A. Soffer, Searches for light scalars, pseudoscalars, and gauge bosons, arXiv: 1507.02330 [hep-ex]
M. Pospelov, Secluded U(1) below the weak scale, Phys. Rev. D 80, 095002 (2009), arXiv: 0811.1030 [hep-ph]
J. D. Bjorken, R. Essig, P. Schuster, and N. Toro, New fixedtarget experiments to search for dark gauge forces, Phys. Rev. D 80, 075018 (2009), arXiv: 0906.0580 [hep-ph]
R. Essig, P. Schuster, N. Toro, and B. Wojtsekhowski, An electron fixed target experiment to search for a new vector boson A decaying to e + e -, J. High Energy Phys. 1102, 009 (2011), arXiv: 1001.2557 [hep-ph]
J. Balewski, J. Bernauer, W. Bertozzi, J. Bessuille, B. Buck, et al., DarkLight: A search for dark forces at the Jefferson laboratory free-electron laser facility, arXiv: 1307.4432
J. Blumlein and J. Brunner, New exclusion limits for dark gauge forces from beam-dump data, Phys. Lett. B 701, 155 (2011), arXiv: 1104.2747 [hep-ex]
J. Blmlein and J. Brunner, New exclusion limits on dark gauge forces from proton Bremsstrahlung in beam-dump data, Phys. Lett. B 731, 320 (2014), arXiv: 1311.3870 [hepph]
B. Batell, M. Pospelov, and A. Ritz, Exploring portals to a hidden sector through fixed targets, Phys. Rev. D 80, 095024 (2009), arXiv: 0906.5614 [hep-ph]
R. Essig, R. Harnik, J. Kaplan, and N. Toro, Discovering new light states at neutrino experiments, Phys. Rev. D 82, 113008 (2010), arXiv: 1008.0636 [hep-ph]
D. Curtin, R. Essig, S. Gori, and J. Shelton, Illuminating dark photons with high-energy colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 1502, 157 (2015), arXiv: 1412.0018 [hep-ph]
C. Cheung, J. T. Ruderman, L. T. Wang, and I. Yavin, Lepton jets in (supersymmetric) electroweak processes, J. High Energy Phys. 1004, 116 (2010), arXiv: 0909.0290 [hep-ph]
Y. Bai and Z. Han, Measuring the dark force at the LHC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 051801 (2009), arXiv: 0902.0006 [hepph]
A. Gupta, R. Primulando and P. Saraswat, A new probe of dark sector dynamics at the LHC, J. High Energy Phys. 1509, 079 (2015), arXiv: 1504.01385 [hep-ph]
S. Chatrchyan, et al. (CMS Collaboration), Search for light resonances decaying into pairs of muons as a signal of new physics, J. High Energy Phys. 1107, 098 (2011), arXiv: 1106.2375 [hep-ex]
G. Aad, et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Search for long-lived neutral particles decaying into lepton jets in proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt s \) = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector, J. High Energy Phys. 1411, 088 (2014), arXiv: 1409.0746 [hep-ex]
G. Aad, et al. (ATLAS Collaboration), Search for new light gauge bosons in Higgs boson decays to four-lepton nal states in pp collisions at \(\sqrt s \) = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, arXiv: 1505.07645 [hep-ex]
V. M. Abazov, et al. (D0 Collaboration), Search for dark photons from supersymmetric hidden valleys, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 081802 (2009), arXiv: 0905.1478 [hep-ex]
S. Biswas, E. Gabrielli, M. Heikinheimo, and B. Mele, Higgsboson production in association with a dark photon in e + e - collisions, J. High Energy Phys. 1506 (2015) 102, arXiv: 1503.05836 [hep-ph]
M. J. Strassler and K. M. Zurek, Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders, Phys. Lett. B 651, 374 (2007), arXiv: hep-ph/0604261
M. J. Strassler, Possible effects of a hidden valley on supersymmetric phenomenology, arXiv: hep-ph/0607160
T. Han, Z. Si, K.M. Zurek, and M. J. Strassler, Phenomenology of hidden valleys at hadron colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 0807, 008 (2008), arXiv: 0712.2041 [hep-ph]
P. Fayet, U-boson detectability, and light dark matter, arXiv: hep-ph/0607094
S.-H. Zhu, U-boson at BESIII, Phys. Rev. D 75, 115004 (2007), arXiv: hep-ph/0701001
R. Essig, J. Mardon, M. Papucci, T. Volansky, and Y. M. Zhong, Constraining light dark matter with low-energy e + e - colliders, J. High Energy Phys. 1311, 167 (2013), arXiv: 1309.5084 [hep-ph]
F. Archilli, et al. (KLOE-2 Collaboration), Search for a vector gauge boson in phi meson decays with the KLOE detector, Phys. Lett. B 706, 251 (2012), arXiv: 1110.0411 [hep-ex]
A. Anastasi, D. Babusci, G. Bencivenni, M. Berlowski, C. Bloise, et al., Limit on the production of a low-mass vector boson in e + e -→Uγ, U →e + e - with the KLOE experiment, Phys. Lett. B 750, 633 (2015), arXiv: 1509.00740 [hep-ex]
J. P. Lees, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for di-muon decays of a low-mass Higgs boson in radiative decays of the (1S), Phys. Rev. D 87(3), 031102 (2013) [Phys. Rev. D 87(5), 059903 (2013)], arXiv: 1210.0287 [hep-ex]
B. Aubert, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for a lowmass Higgs boson in Y(3S) → gamma A0, A0 → tau+ tau– at BABAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 181801 (2009), arXiv: 0906.2219 [hep-ex]
J. P. Lees, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for a lowmass scalar Higgs boson decaying to a tau pair in singlephoton decays of γ(1S), Phys. Rev. D 88(7), 071102 (2013), arXiv: 1210.5669 [hep-ex]
B. Aubert, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for invisible decays of a light scalar in radiative transitions v 3S →γ A0, arXiv: 0808.0017 [hep-ex]
P. del Amo Sanchez, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for production of invisible final states in single-photon decays of γ(1S), Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 021804 (2011), arXiv: 1007.4646 [hep-ex]
W. Love, et al. (CLEO Collaboration), Search for very light CP-odd Higgs boson in radiative decays of Upsilon(S-1), Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 151802, arXiv: 0807.1427 [hepex]
B. Aubert, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for a narrow resonance in e + e - to four lepton final states, arXiv: 0908.2821 [hep-ex]
J. P. Lees, et al. (BaBar Collaboration), Search for lowmass dark-sector Higgs bosons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 211801 (2012), arXiv: 1202.1313 [hep-ex]
I. Jaegle (Belle Collaboration), Search for the dark photon and the dark Higgs boson at Belle, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114(21), 211801 (2015), arXiv: 1502.00084 [hep-ex]
M. Ablikim, et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Search for a light Higgs-like boson A0 in J/ψ radiative decays, Phys. Rev. D 85, 092012 (2012), arXiv: 1111.2112 [hep-ex]
M. Ablikim, et al. (BESIII Collaboration), Search for η and η′ invisible decays in J/ψ → ϕη and ϕη′, Phys. Rev. D 87(1), 012009 (2013), arXiv: 1209.2469 [hep-ex]
H.-B. Li and T. Luo, Probing dark force at BES-III/BEPCII, Phys. Lett. B 686, 249 (2010), arXiv: 0911.2067 [hep-ph]
V. Prasad, H. Li, and X. Lou, Search for low-mass Higgs and dark photons at BESIII, arXiv: 1508.07659 [hep-ex]
P. F. Yin and S. H. Zhu, Detecting light long-lived particle produced by cosmic ray, Phys. Lett. B 685, 128 (2010), arXiv: 0911.3338 [hep-ph]
S. H. Zhu, V-particle again? Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 20, 1399 (2011)
B. Batell, M. Pospelov, A. Ritz and Y. Shang, Solar gamma rays powered by secluded dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 81, 075004 (2010), arXiv: 0910.1567 [hep-ph]
P. Schuster, N. Toro, N. Weiner and I. Yavin, High energy electron signals from dark matter annihilation in the Sun, Phys. Rev. D 82, 115012 (2010), arXiv: 0910.1839 [hep-ph]
P. Meade, S. Nussinov, M. Papucci and T. Volansky, Searches for long lived neutral particles, J. High Energy Phys. 1006, 029 (2010), arXiv: 0910.4160 [hep-ph]
S. H. Zhu, Dark matter signature from the sky and at colliders, PoS ICHEP 2010, 451 (2010), arXiv: 1008.3963 [hepph]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yin, PF., Zhu, SH. Light dark sector searches at low-energy high-luminosity e + e − colliders. Front. Phys. 11, 111403 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-016-0541-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-016-0541-1