Abstract
Pilot reforms gradually implemented through key nodes have become an important pattern of regional development in China since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978. On the basis of an analysis of the evolution processes and characteristics of regional development policies in post-reform China, this paper develops the concept and analytical framework of national node strategies (NNS), defined as regional development strategies centered on specific spatial nodes, by addressing their theoretical basis and research scope. The regional economic impacts of NNS were explored quantitatively through the examples of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, Pudong New Area and Tianjin Binhai New Area in different stages of the reform and opening up. The results indicate that the evolution of China’s regional development policies can be divided into three stages: the exploration stage led by Special Economic Zones (SEZs), the expansion stage dominated by Economic Development Zones and the optimization stage featuring State-level New Areas and National Comprehensive Reform Pilot Areas. During all the three stages, NNS have played an important demonstrative and leading role and promoted the rapid evolution of China’s regional development policies from localized to widespread implementation, and the role of the government has also changed accordingly. As an innovative application and development of the growth pole theory in transitional China, NNS have become engines of regional development as well as important conduits of institutional innovations. NNS and regional development have achieved a benign coupling and formed a gradated regional development model. Empirical research indicates that NNS are an important method used by the government to guide and regulate regional economic development, with complex and diverse economic effects that differ depending on the stage of regional development and the spatial scale of analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angotti T, 2001. Ciudad Guayana: From growth pole to metropolis, central planning to participation. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20(3): 329–338.
Bach D, Newman A L, Weber S, 2006. The international implications of China’s fledgling regulatory state: From product maker to rule maker. New Political Economy, 11(4): 499–518.
Das D K, 1996. Emerging Growth Pole: The Asia-Pacific Economy. Prentice Hall.
Démurger S, Sachs J D, Woo W T et al., 2002. Geography, economic policy, and regional development in China. Asian Economic Papers, 1(1): 146–197.
Ding S, 1989. Growth pole and economic development in undeveloped region: Taking the southern region of Italy. Economic Geography, 9(4): 297–301. (in Chinese)
Dobkins L H, Ioannides Y M, 2000. Dynamic evolution of the US city size distribution. In: The Economics of Cities (217–260). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted)
Fan J, Cao Z, Zhang W et al., 2001. The consideration of strategic innovation of west development based on theories of economic geography. Acta Geographica Sinica, 56(6): 711–721. (in Chinese)
Fujita M, Krugman P, Mori T, 1999. On the evolution of hierarchical urban systems. European Economic Review, 43(2): 209–251.
Fujita M, Mori T, 1997. Structural stability and evolution of urban systems. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 27(4/5): 399–442.
Goldstein S M, 1995. China in transition: The political foundations of incremental reform. The China Quarterly, 144: 1105–1131.
Hanson G H, 2001. Scale economies and the geographic concentration of industry. Journal of Economic Geography, 1(3): 255–276.
Hao S, 2008. Study on National Integrated Support Reform Support Pilot Area. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Jin F, 2013. Study on Organization Mechanism of Function Space and Space Welfare. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Ke S, Feser E, 2010. Count on the growth pole strategy for regional economic growth? Spread–Backwash effects in Greater Central China. Regional Studies, 44(9): 1131–1147.
Krugman P, 1991. Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Geography, 99: 483–499.
Li X, 2012. The diamond structure: On the evolution of the national spatial strategy. Urban Planning Forum, 200(2): 1–8. (in Chinese)
Liu N, Liu X, Zhao L, 2008. Evolution of regional development and spatial structure in China. Journal of Finance and Economics, 34(11): 76–87. (in Chinese)
Lu D, 2003. Theory and Practice of Regional Development in China. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
Lu D, Liu W, 2000. Analysis of geo-factors behind regional development and regional policy in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 20(6): 487–493. (in Chinese)
Lu D, Liu Y, Fan J, 1999. The regional policy effects and regional development states in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 54(6): 496–508. (in Chinese)
Mcmillan J, Naughton B, 1992. How to reform a planned economy: Lessons from China. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 8(1): 130–143.
Meng G, Wang H, Yang S, 2015. Study on evolution and dynamic mechanism of Tianjin pilot free trade zone. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(10): 1552–1565. (in Chinese)
Naughton B, 2011. China’s economic policy today: The new state activism. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52(3): 313–329.
Nee V, Opper S, 2010. Political capital in a market economy. Social Forces, 88(5): 2105–2132.
Parr J B, 1999a. Growth-pole strategies in regional economic planning: A retrospective view: Part 2. Implementation and outcome. Urban Studies, 36(8): 1247–1268.
Parr J B, 1999b. Growth-pole Strategies in Regional Economic Planning: A retrospective view: Part 1. Origins and advocacy. Urban Studies, 36(7): 1195–1215.
Partridge M D, Rickman D S, Ali K et al., 2009. Do new economic geography agglomeration shadows underlie current population dynamics across the urban hierarchy? Papers in Regional Science, 88(2): 445–466.
Peng X, Liu J, 2014. Grand strategy, large platform and remarkable accomplishments: The role of national new districts in West China to the new-type urbanization. City Planning Review, S2: 20–26. (in Chinese)
Peng J, Wei H, Li G et al., 2015. Research on location accessibility of national new areas based on urban agglomerations. Geographical Research, 34(1): 3–14. (in Chinese)
Qi Y, Yang Y, Jin F, 2013. China’s economic development stage and its spatio-temporal evolution: A prefectural- level analysis. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(4): 517–531. (in Chinese)
Thomas M D, 1975. Growth pole theory, technological change, and regional economic growth. Papers in Regional Science, 34(1): 3–25.
Walder A G, 1995. China's transitional economy: interpreting its significance. The China Quarterly, 144: 963–979.
Wang H, 2007. The NSDZs-LED urban sprawl in Xi’an: A non-typical suburbanization? China Soft Science, 10): 93–103. (in Chinese)
Wei H, 2011. Evaluation and Prospects of Regional Policy in China. Beijing: Economy & Management Publishing House. (in Chinese)
Wu H, Yang Z, 2015. Study on the national strategic space evolution basing on the analysis of the national new area strategy. Urban Development Studies, 22(3): 1–11. (in Chinese)
Xu Z, Chen Z, Lu M, 2010. The core-periphery model of urban system in China. The Journal of World Economy, 7): 144–160. (in Chinese)
Yang D, 1990. Patterns of China’s regional development strategy. The China Quarterly, 122: 230–257. (in Chinese)
Yang J, Hu X, 2007. The comprehensive reform based on the comparative study on Shanghai, Tianjin and Shenzhen. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 3): 3–12. (in Chinese)
Zhang K, 2010. Regional Strategies and Regional Development in China. Beijing: China Development Press. (in Chinese)
Zhang X, Lu D, 2002. Land use in the development areas and its interactive relationship with regional development. Resources Science, 24(5): 32–38. (in Chinese)
Zheng G, 2007. Research on the driving effect of economic and technological development zone on region. Areal Research and Development, 26(2): 20–25. (in Chinese)
Zhou S, Gong L, 2000. The effect of unbalanced theories applied in the Yangtze Delta. Economic Geography, 20(4): 1–6. (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41401121; The New Teachers’ Scientific Research Program funded by Beijing Forestry University, No.BLX2013028
Author: Qi Yuanjing, PhD, specialized in urbanization and regional development.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qi, Y., Liu, T. & Jiao, J. Implementation methods and economic impacts of national node strategies. J. Geogr. Sci. 27, 348–364 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1381-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1381-9