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Interpretation of grouting characteristics in unsaturated sand from the perspective of water–air interface

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Abstract

The design of grouting engineering in practice is either based on conventional soil mechanics or empirical procedures ignoring the effect of degree of saturation (water content). In this study, a series of laboratory-pressurized grouting tests were conducted on unsaturated sand to reveal the influence of soil water content on the grouting characteristics. With combination of direct shear tests at constant water content, water retention tests as well as microscopy observations, the mechanisms that controlling the strength and in turn the grouting characteristics in unsaturated sand were interpreted from the perspective of water–air interface. It was found that the non-monotonic phenomena of grouting characteristics (injectability and diffusion characteristics) with increasing water content were strongly dependent on the shear strength, which is influenced by the apparent cohesion induced by capillary mechanisms relating to the water–air interface. The threshold value of the injectability and diffusion pattern is corresponding to the boundary of the two transition zones (two different desaturation mechanisms) in the water retention curve. In the primary transition zone, the water phase is interconnected with air bulbs entrapped. With the drainage of bulk water in the large pores, the amount of water menisci increases, generating larger and larger surface tension force between particles. Therefore, less and less grout was injected as the bearing capacity and shear strength increase. However, in the second transition zone, with the drainage of menisci water, the menisci area of each pores decreases, inducing less and less surface tension force. Thus, more and more grout was injected as the bearing capacity and shear strength decrease. It is hoped that the work in this study will facilitate researching the grouting mechanisms in unsaturated soil, thus optimizing the grouting parameters in engineering practice.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFE0119500, 2019YFC1509900), Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (18ZR1440500) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (22120180314) for their financial support.

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  1. Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Qiong Wang, Wei Su, Dongyue Pan, Zhen Zhang & Weimin Ye

  2. Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia

    Qiong Wang, Shanyong Wang, Zhen Zhang & Weimin Ye

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  1. Qiong Wang
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Correspondence to Wei Su.

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Wang, Q., Wang, S., Su, W. et al. Interpretation of grouting characteristics in unsaturated sand from the perspective of water–air interface. Acta Geotech. 17, 2943–2954 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01375-7

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