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Near-term quantum computing techniques: Variational quantum algorithms, error mitigation, circuit compilation, benchmarking and classical simulation

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Abstract

Quantum computing is a game-changing technology for global academia, research centers and industries including computational science, mathematics, finance, pharmaceutical, materials science, chemistry and cryptography. Although it has seen a major boost in the last decade, we are still a long way from reaching the maturity of a full-fledged quantum computer. That said, we will be in the noisy-intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) era for a long time, working on dozens or even thousands of qubits quantum computing systems. An outstanding challenge, then, is to come up with an application that can reliably carry out a nontrivial task of interest on the near-term quantum devices with non-negligible quantum noise. To address this challenge, several near-term quantum computing techniques, including variational quantum algorithms, error mitigation, quantum circuit compilation and benchmarking protocols, have been proposed to characterize and mitigate errors, and to implement algorithms with a certain resistance to noise, so as to enhance the capabilities of near-term quantum devices and explore the boundaries of their ability to realize useful applications. Besides, the development of near-term quantum devices is inseparable from the efficient classical simulation, which plays a vital role in quantum algorithm design and verification, error-tolerant verification and other applications. This review will provide a thorough introduction of these near-term quantum computing techniques, report on their progress, and finally discuss the future prospect of these techniques, which we hope will motivate researchers to undertake additional studies in this field.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography, Zhengzhou, 450000, China

    He-Liang Huang, Xiao-Yue Xu, Chu Guo & Wan-Su Bao

  2. State Key Lab of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China

    Guojing Tian & Xiaoming Sun

  3. School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Guojing Tian & Xiaoming Sun

  4. Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China

    Shi-Jie Wei & Gui-Lu Long

  5. Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Gui-Lu Long

Authors
  1. He-Liang Huang
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  2. Xiao-Yue Xu
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  3. Chu Guo
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  4. Guojing Tian
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  5. Shi-Jie Wei
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  6. Xiaoming Sun
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  7. Wan-Su Bao
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  8. Gui-Lu Long
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to He-Liang Huang, Xiaoming Sun, Wan-Su Bao or Gui-Lu Long.

Additional information

He-Liang Huang acknowledges support from the Youth Talent Lifting Project (Grant No. 2020-JCJQ-QT-030), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11905294, and 12274464), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and the Open Research Fund from State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing of China (Grant No. 201901-01). Chu Guo acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11805279, 12074117, 61833010, and 12061131011). Guojing Tian acknowledges support from the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB28000000), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61832003, 61872334, and 61801459). Shi-Jie Wei acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12005015). Gui-Lu Long acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974205, and 11774197), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0303700), and the Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2018B030325002).

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Huang, HL., Xu, XY., Guo, C. et al. Near-term quantum computing techniques: Variational quantum algorithms, error mitigation, circuit compilation, benchmarking and classical simulation. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 66, 250302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-022-2057-y

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