Abstract
We present a novel anisotropic and nonlinear metasurface integrated with multiple functions of diffuse scattering, beam splitting, and normal reflection, which can be switched in real time by tuning the polarization state or power level of the incident microwave. The key lies in the two judiciously designed anisotropic nonlinear particles in subwavelength scales that possess opposite reflection phases under one polarization and the same nonlinear power-dependent reflection phases under the orthogonal polarization. These properties are demonstrated comprehensively via comparisons between their reflection responses, receiving abilities, and nonlinear circuitry behaviors. In addition, both the spatial arrangement and the electrically enabling strategy of the particles are underpinned to pursue the proposed functions, which are verified through numerical simulations and measurements. When the metasurface is illuminated by plane waves coming from the direction perpendicular to it, a significant beam splitting effect is achieved with strong x-polarized incidence, which is switched to a specular reflection when the incoming power decreases. Under y-polarization, a diffuse scattering phenomenon is obtained, which is not dependent on the incident intensity. The study is expected to offer new solutions to many electromagnetic scenarios involving energy transmissions and protections.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen S, Liu W, Li Z, et al. Metasurface-empowered optical multiplexing and multifunction. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1805912
Zhang F, Xie X, Pu M, et al. Multistate switching of photonic angular momentum coupling in phase-change metadevices. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1908194
Zhang Y, Liu H, Cheng H, et al. Multidimensional manipulation of wave fields based on artificial microstructures. Opto-Electron Adv, 2020, 3: 200002
Sievenpiper D, Schaffner J, Loo R, et al. A tunable impedance surface performing as a reconfigurable beam steering reflector. IEEE Trans Antenn Propagat, 2002, 50: 384–390
Shadrivov I V, Kapitanova P V, Maslovski S I, et al. Metamaterials controlled with light. Phys Rev Lett, 2012, 109: 083902
Cui T J, Qi M Q, Wan X, et al. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials. Light Sci Appl, 2014, 3: e218
Luo Z, Chen M Z, Wang Z X, et al. Digital nonlinear metasurface with customizable nonreciprocity. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29: 1906635
Zhang L P, Zhang H C, Tang M, et al. Integrated multi-scheme digital modulations of spoof surface plasmon polaritons. Sci China Inf Sci, 2020, 63: 202302
Wang Q, Jiang W X, Shen H Y. Design of low-profile array antenna working at 110 GHz based on digital coding characterization. Sci China Inf Sci, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-020-3165-8
Zhang Y, Wu P, Zhou Z, et al. Study on temperature adjustable terahertz metamaterial absorber based on vanadium dioxide. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 85154–85161
Ma Q, Bai G D, Jing H B, et al. Smart metasurface with self-adaptively reprogrammable functions. Light Sci Appl, 2019, 8: 98
Wu H T, Wang D, Fu X, et al. Space-frequency-domain gradient metamaterials. Adv Opt Mater, 2018, 6: 1801086
Zhou L, Shen Z. Hybrid frequency-selective rasorber with low-frequency diffusion and high-frequency absorption. IEEE Trans Antenn Propagat, 2021, 69: 1469–1476
Luo Z, Chen X, Long J, et al. Nonlinear power-dependent impedance surface. IEEE Trans Antenn Propagat, 2015, 63: 1736–1745
Li A, Singh S, Sievenpiper D. Metasurfaces and their applications. Nanophotonics, 2018, 7: 989–1011
Chen K, Ding G, Hu G, et al. Directional Janus metasurface. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 1906352
Li G, Sartorello G, Chen S, et al. Spin and geometric phase control four-wave mixing from metasurfaces. Laser Photon Rev, 2018, 12: 1800034
Ma H F, Wang G Z, Jiang W X, et al. Independent control of differently-polarized waves using anisotropic gradient-index metamaterials. Sci Rep, 2015, 4: 6337
Lee W S L, Nirantar S, Headland D, et al. Broadband Terahertz circular-polarization beam splitter. Adv Opt Mater, 2018, 6: 1700852
Chen M L N, Jiang L J, Sha W E I, et al. Polarization control by using anisotropic 3-D chiral structures. IEEE Trans Antenn Propagat, 2016, 64: 4687–4694
Shadrivov I V, Fedotov V A, Powell D A, et al. Electromagnetic wave analogue of an electronic diode. New J Phys, 2011, 13: 033025
Chen Q, Li J Y, Yang G, et al. A polarization-reconfigurable high-gain microstrip antenna. IEEE Trans Antenn Propagat, 2019, 67: 3461–3466
Li M, Tang M-C, Xiao S. Design of a LP, RHCP and LHCP polarization-reconfigurable holographic antenna. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 82776–82784
Zhang C, Deng L, Zhu J F, et al. A right-handed circularly polarized wave generated by a waveguide-fed holographic metasurface. J Phys D-Appl Phys, 2020, 53: 26LT01
Pendry J B, Holden A J, Robbins D J, et al. Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena. IEEE Trans Microwave Theor Techn, 1999, 47: 2075–2084
Wang B N, Zhou J F, Koschny T, et al. Nonlinear properties of split-ring resonators. Opt Express, 2008, 16: 16058–16063
Slobozhanyuk A P, Lapine M, Powell D A, et al. Flexible helices for nonlinear metamaterials. Adv Mater, 2013, 25: 3409–3412
Sievenpiper D F. Nonlinear grounded metasurfaces for suppression of high-power pulsed RF currents. Antenn Wirel Propag Lett, 2011, 10: 1516–1519
Luo Z, Long J, Chen X, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface absorber based on dissipating behavior of embedded varactors. Appl Phys Lett, 2016, 109: 071107
Li A, Luo Z, Wakatsuchi H, et al. Nonlinear, active, and tunable metasurfaces for advanced electromagnetics applications. IEEE Access, 2017, 5: 27439–27452
Caloz C, Alú A, Tretyakov S, et al. Electromagnetic nonreciprocity. Phys Rev Appl, 2018, 10: 047001
Fernandes D E, Silveirinha M G. Asymmetric transmission and isolation in nonlinear devices: why they are different. Antenn Wirel Propag Lett, 2018, 17: 1953–1957
Sounas D L, Alú A. Fundamental bounds on the operation of Fano nonlinear isolators. Phys Rev B, 2018, 97: 115431
Shi Y, Yu Z, Fan S. Limitations of nonlinear optical isolators due to dynamic reciprocity. Nat Photon, 2015, 9: 388–392
Yu N F, Genevet P, Kats M A, et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science, 2011, 334: 333–337
Stutzman W L, Thiele G A. Antenna Theory and Design. 3rd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. 468–474
Sun S, He Q, Xiao S, et al. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves. Nat Mater, 2012, 11: 426–431
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61801117), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2242021R10109), National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0700201, 2017YFA0700202, 2017YFA0700203), International Cooperation and Exchange of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61761136007), the 111 Project (Grant No. 111-2-05), and Zhishan Young Scholar Program and Zijin Scholar Program of Southeast University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, Z., Ren, X., Wang, Q. et al. Anisotropic and nonlinear metasurface for multiple functions. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 64, 192301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-021-3264-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-021-3264-9