Abstract
At 12:15 on January 15, 2022 (Beijing time), a massive eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano produced violent atmospheric fluctuations, which in turn generated a global tsunami through an abrupt air pressure shock upon the sea surface. Two main components of tsunami waves, phase-locked waves and free gravity waves, were identified by significant differences in propagating speeds across the deep ocean. The phase-locked wave propagated through the ocean basin synchronously with the atmospheric Lamb wave at an average speed of approximately 306 m/s, followed by the free gravity wave at a slower speed. The locked wave reached the coast of eastern Taiwan Island at about 20:00 on January 15, in coincidence with the Lamb wave arrival. However, on the coast of Chinese mainland, tidal gauges did not record tsunami signals until at least 2 h after the Lamb wave arrivals. Theoretical analyses and numerical experiments both suggested that as a result of the incoming wave shoaling above the vast continental shelf of Chinese mainland, the locked wave was no longer trapped by the air pressure shock and gradually transformed into freely-propagating shallow water waves by slowing down its propagation. Due to the long-lasting planetary atmospheric fluctuations circling the earth many times, the sea level oscillations continuously propagated onto the Chinese shelf, which resulted in the tsunami waves excited along the Chinese coasts for at least 36 h. The maximum wave amplitude recorded on the coast of eastern Taiwan Island was 44 cm at Wushi, while on the coasts of eastern and southern Chinese mainland, the maximum amplitudes were 22 cm at Shipu and 13 cm at Zhuhai. Fourier and wavelet analyses were performed to identify the major components of the tsunami waves on the Chinese coasts. The results indicated that eastern Taiwan Island was impacted mainly by the waves with periods of approximately 10–40 min. Chinese mainland was hit by the evolved shallow water waves and subsequent free waves, with periods of approximately 40–100 and 16–20 min, respectively.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Paul Wessel for leading the development of the GEOWARE-TTT (Tsunami Travel Time) software (http://www.geoware-online.com), which was used to calculate the theoretical estimated time of tsunami arrivals in this paper. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3003800), and the Asian Cooperation Fund Project (Grand No. 99950410).
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Wang, Z., Xu, Z., Yuan, Y. et al. How did the Tonga volcanic tsunami on January 15, 2022, affect Chinese coasts?. Sci. China Earth Sci. 66, 1038–1046 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-022-1090-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-022-1090-9